2017 Vol. 14, No. 2
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2017, 14(2): 81-86.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.02.001
Abstract:
Background Radial artery access for coronary procedures is a safe and beneficial technique. However, elderly patients have been considered as a higher risk group of access site related complications compared to younger patients. This study was conducted to investigate the feasibility and safety of transradial coronary angiography or intervention in the elderly. Methods A total of 6132 patients from Korean Transradial Intervention Prospective Registry at 20 centers were analyzed. Patients were divided into the non-elderly group (n = 5667) and the elderly (? 80 years) group (n = 465). Using propensity score matching, the elderly group (n = 465) was compared with one-to-one matched the non-elderly group (n = 465). Results After propensity score matching, mean age was 64.3 ± 10.3 years in the non-elderly group and 83.5 ± 3.3 years in the elderly group. There was no difference of procedural characteristics, procedural and fluoroscopic times. Access site cross-over rate was not different between the non-elderly group and elderly group (7.5% vs. 6.2%, P = 0.074). Bleeding complications occurred similarly in two groups (2.6% of the non-elderly group vs. 1.9% of the elderly group, P = 0.660). Access site complications were 1.9% of the non-elderly group and 0.9% of the elderly group (P = 0.263). Both of in hospital death and cardiovascular death for one year were also similar between two groups. Conclusions Transradial angiography or intervention was safe and feasible in elderly patients. Complication rates and clinical outcomes in elderly patients were comparable with those in non-elderly patients.
Background Radial artery access for coronary procedures is a safe and beneficial technique. However, elderly patients have been considered as a higher risk group of access site related complications compared to younger patients. This study was conducted to investigate the feasibility and safety of transradial coronary angiography or intervention in the elderly. Methods A total of 6132 patients from Korean Transradial Intervention Prospective Registry at 20 centers were analyzed. Patients were divided into the non-elderly group (n = 5667) and the elderly (? 80 years) group (n = 465). Using propensity score matching, the elderly group (n = 465) was compared with one-to-one matched the non-elderly group (n = 465). Results After propensity score matching, mean age was 64.3 ± 10.3 years in the non-elderly group and 83.5 ± 3.3 years in the elderly group. There was no difference of procedural characteristics, procedural and fluoroscopic times. Access site cross-over rate was not different between the non-elderly group and elderly group (7.5% vs. 6.2%, P = 0.074). Bleeding complications occurred similarly in two groups (2.6% of the non-elderly group vs. 1.9% of the elderly group, P = 0.660). Access site complications were 1.9% of the non-elderly group and 0.9% of the elderly group (P = 0.263). Both of in hospital death and cardiovascular death for one year were also similar between two groups. Conclusions Transradial angiography or intervention was safe and feasible in elderly patients. Complication rates and clinical outcomes in elderly patients were comparable with those in non-elderly patients.
2017, 14(2): 87-92.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.02.002
Abstract:
Background Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is mainly found in the skeletal system and vascular smooth muscle cells. Recent researches showed that it had a protective function on blood vessels and could also inhibit vascular calcification. We investigated the serum COMPs in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients, and the relationship between serum COMP and the calcification of coronary artery. Methods A total of 233 consecutive chest pain patients who first underwent coronary angiography followed by multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) within six months were recruited and divided into two groups according to the coronary angiography luminal diameter narrowing percentages: CHD group (diameter narrowing ≥ 50%, n = 194) and control group (diameter narrowing n = 39). The Gensini score, Syntax score and coronary artery calcium score (CACs) were calculated. The serum COMP level was determined using ELISA. Results The levels of COMP were significantly higher in the CHD group than in the control group 155.7 (124.5–194.5) ng/mL vs. 128.4 (113.0–159.9) ng/mL, P = 0.019. There were no correlation between COMP, Gensini score, Syntax score, severity of coronary stenosis and the number of coronary artery with stenosis > 50%. The serum COMP was correlated with age (r = 0.294, P r = 0.163, P = 0.015), HbA1c (r = 0.194, P = 0.015) and CACs (r = 0.137, P = 0.037). Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that COMP level and age were independent predictors of CACs in the CHD patients (β = 0.402, t = 2.612, P = 0.015; β = 0.472, t= 3.077, P = 0.005). Performance of COMP for predicting CHD was shown as area under curve (AUC): 0.632, 95% CI: 0.549–0.715 and upper tertile CACs was AUC: 0.602, 95% CI: 0.526–0.678 in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Conclusion Calcification of coronary artery was an independent predictor of serum COMPs.
Background Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is mainly found in the skeletal system and vascular smooth muscle cells. Recent researches showed that it had a protective function on blood vessels and could also inhibit vascular calcification. We investigated the serum COMPs in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients, and the relationship between serum COMP and the calcification of coronary artery. Methods A total of 233 consecutive chest pain patients who first underwent coronary angiography followed by multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) within six months were recruited and divided into two groups according to the coronary angiography luminal diameter narrowing percentages: CHD group (diameter narrowing ≥ 50%, n = 194) and control group (diameter narrowing n = 39). The Gensini score, Syntax score and coronary artery calcium score (CACs) were calculated. The serum COMP level was determined using ELISA. Results The levels of COMP were significantly higher in the CHD group than in the control group 155.7 (124.5–194.5) ng/mL vs. 128.4 (113.0–159.9) ng/mL, P = 0.019. There were no correlation between COMP, Gensini score, Syntax score, severity of coronary stenosis and the number of coronary artery with stenosis > 50%. The serum COMP was correlated with age (r = 0.294, P r = 0.163, P = 0.015), HbA1c (r = 0.194, P = 0.015) and CACs (r = 0.137, P = 0.037). Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that COMP level and age were independent predictors of CACs in the CHD patients (β = 0.402, t = 2.612, P = 0.015; β = 0.472, t= 3.077, P = 0.005). Performance of COMP for predicting CHD was shown as area under curve (AUC): 0.632, 95% CI: 0.549–0.715 and upper tertile CACs was AUC: 0.602, 95% CI: 0.526–0.678 in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Conclusion Calcification of coronary artery was an independent predictor of serum COMPs.
2017, 14(2): 93-99.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.02.011
Abstract:
Background The CRUSADE, ACTION and ACUITY-HORIZONS scores are commonly used for predicting in-hospital major bleeding events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but the homogeneous nature of these models' population limits simple extrapolation to other local population. We aimed to compare the performance of the three risk models in Chinese patients. Methods We evaluated the performance of the three predicting scores for predicting in-hospital major bleeding events defined by thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) serious (major and minor) episodes, in a cohort of Chinese ACS patients with either non-ST-elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS) or ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Calibration and discrimination of the three risk models were evaluated by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and C-statistic, respectively. We compared the predictive accuracy of the risk scores by the Delong non-parametric test. Results TIMI serious bleeding rate was 1.1% overall (1.9% and 0.86% for STEMI and NSTE-ACS, respectively). The CRUSADE, ACTION and ACUTIY-HORIZONS scores showed an adequate discriminatory capacity for major bleeding: in overall patients, the C-statistic was 0.80, 0.77, and 0.70, respectively; in NSTE-ACS patients, the C-statistic was 0.73, 0.72, and 0.64, respectively; in STEMI patients, the C-statistic was 0.91, 0.92, and 0.75, respectively. The C-statistic for the ACUITY-HORIZONS model was significantly lower than those of the CRUSADE and ACTION scores for the prediction of TIMI serious bleeding in overall patients (compared with CRUSADE, z = 3.83, P = 0.02; compared with ACTION, z = 3.51, P = 0.03); in NSTE-ACS patients (compared with CRUSADE, z = 2.37, P = 0.01; compared with ACTION, z = 2.11, P = 0.04), and in STEMI patients (compared with CRUSADE, z = 2.6.77, P = 0.02; compared with ACTION, z = 7.91, P = 0.002). No differences were observed when the CRUSADE and ACTION models were compared to each other, regardless of overall patients (z = 0.68, P = 0.31) and both of ACS types (NSTE-ACS, z = 0.52, P = 0.60), and STEMI patients (z = 0.36, P= 0.74). However, the three risk scores all overestimated the absolute major bleeding risk in each risk stratification in our study. For example, the predicted rate of CRUSADE score at high risk stratification was 11.9% vs. an actual rate of 5.3%. Conclusions The CRUSADE and ACTION scores had a greater calibration and discrimination for in-hospital major bleeding compared with the ACUITY-HORIZONS score in Chinese patients with ACS undergoing PCI. However, they all overestimated the bleeding risk rate for Chinese populations. Calibration of these risk scores would be useful for the generalization in Chinese populations.
Background The CRUSADE, ACTION and ACUITY-HORIZONS scores are commonly used for predicting in-hospital major bleeding events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but the homogeneous nature of these models' population limits simple extrapolation to other local population. We aimed to compare the performance of the three risk models in Chinese patients. Methods We evaluated the performance of the three predicting scores for predicting in-hospital major bleeding events defined by thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) serious (major and minor) episodes, in a cohort of Chinese ACS patients with either non-ST-elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS) or ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Calibration and discrimination of the three risk models were evaluated by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and C-statistic, respectively. We compared the predictive accuracy of the risk scores by the Delong non-parametric test. Results TIMI serious bleeding rate was 1.1% overall (1.9% and 0.86% for STEMI and NSTE-ACS, respectively). The CRUSADE, ACTION and ACUTIY-HORIZONS scores showed an adequate discriminatory capacity for major bleeding: in overall patients, the C-statistic was 0.80, 0.77, and 0.70, respectively; in NSTE-ACS patients, the C-statistic was 0.73, 0.72, and 0.64, respectively; in STEMI patients, the C-statistic was 0.91, 0.92, and 0.75, respectively. The C-statistic for the ACUITY-HORIZONS model was significantly lower than those of the CRUSADE and ACTION scores for the prediction of TIMI serious bleeding in overall patients (compared with CRUSADE, z = 3.83, P = 0.02; compared with ACTION, z = 3.51, P = 0.03); in NSTE-ACS patients (compared with CRUSADE, z = 2.37, P = 0.01; compared with ACTION, z = 2.11, P = 0.04), and in STEMI patients (compared with CRUSADE, z = 2.6.77, P = 0.02; compared with ACTION, z = 7.91, P = 0.002). No differences were observed when the CRUSADE and ACTION models were compared to each other, regardless of overall patients (z = 0.68, P = 0.31) and both of ACS types (NSTE-ACS, z = 0.52, P = 0.60), and STEMI patients (z = 0.36, P= 0.74). However, the three risk scores all overestimated the absolute major bleeding risk in each risk stratification in our study. For example, the predicted rate of CRUSADE score at high risk stratification was 11.9% vs. an actual rate of 5.3%. Conclusions The CRUSADE and ACTION scores had a greater calibration and discrimination for in-hospital major bleeding compared with the ACUITY-HORIZONS score in Chinese patients with ACS undergoing PCI. However, they all overestimated the bleeding risk rate for Chinese populations. Calibration of these risk scores would be useful for the generalization in Chinese populations.
2017, 14(2): 100-107.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.02.004
Abstract:
Objective To analyze the current usage of optimal medical therapy (OMT), influencing factors, and the predictive value of OMT for all-cause mortality in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with different subgroups. Methods A total of 3176 CAD patients confirmed by coronary angiography were included. OMT was defined as the combination of anti-platelet drugs, statins, beta blockers, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Factors for OMT and its prognostic value were analyzed in CAD patients across different subgroups. Results Out of 3176 patients, only 39.8% (n = 1265) were on OMT at discharge. Factors associated with OMT at discharge were pre-admission OMT and discharge department. All-cause mortality occurred in 6.8% (n = 217) of patients. Multivariate analyses indicated that OMT was significantly associated with reduced all-cause mortality (HR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.45–0.95; P = 0.025). Sub-group analyses indicate that male acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients were more likely to receive survival benefits with OMT at discharge. The positive impact of OMT at discharge was more apparent after 24 months, regardless of revascularization therapy. Four-drug combination of OMT was superior to 3-drug combination therapy in ACS patients but not in stable patients. Conclusions OMT was asso?ciated with significant improvement in survival in patients with CAD. The positive impact of OMT was distinct in the CAD patients with different characteristics.
Objective To analyze the current usage of optimal medical therapy (OMT), influencing factors, and the predictive value of OMT for all-cause mortality in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with different subgroups. Methods A total of 3176 CAD patients confirmed by coronary angiography were included. OMT was defined as the combination of anti-platelet drugs, statins, beta blockers, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Factors for OMT and its prognostic value were analyzed in CAD patients across different subgroups. Results Out of 3176 patients, only 39.8% (n = 1265) were on OMT at discharge. Factors associated with OMT at discharge were pre-admission OMT and discharge department. All-cause mortality occurred in 6.8% (n = 217) of patients. Multivariate analyses indicated that OMT was significantly associated with reduced all-cause mortality (HR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.45–0.95; P = 0.025). Sub-group analyses indicate that male acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients were more likely to receive survival benefits with OMT at discharge. The positive impact of OMT at discharge was more apparent after 24 months, regardless of revascularization therapy. Four-drug combination of OMT was superior to 3-drug combination therapy in ACS patients but not in stable patients. Conclusions OMT was asso?ciated with significant improvement in survival in patients with CAD. The positive impact of OMT was distinct in the CAD patients with different characteristics.
2017, 14(2): 108-117.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.02.005
Abstract:
Background The benefit/risk ratio of stenting in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with single vessel intermediate stenosis culprit lesions merits further study, therefore the subject of the present study. Methods and results It was a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Between April 2012 and July 2015, 399 acute STEMI patients with single vessel disease and intermediate (40%–70%) stenosis of the culprit lesion before or after aspiration thrombectomy and/or intracoronary tirofiban (15 μg/kg) were enrolled and were randomly assigned (1: 1) to stenting group (n = 201) and non-stenting group (n = 198). In stenting group, patients received pharmacologic therapy plus standard percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation. In non-stenting group, patients received pharmacologic therapy and PCI (thrombectomy), but without dilatation or stenting. Primary endpoint was 12-month rate of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), a composite of cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), repeat revascularization and stroke. Secondary endpoints were 12-month rates of all cause death, ischemia driven admission and bleeding complication. Median follow-up time was 12.4 ± 3.1 months. At 12 months, MACCE occurred in 8.0% of the patients in stenting group, as compared with 15.2% in the non-stenting group (adjusted HR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19–0.89, P = 0.02). The stenting group had lower non-fatal MI rate than non-stenting group, (1.5% vs. 5.5%, P = 0.03). The two groups shared similar cardiac death, repeat revascularization, stroke, all cause death, ischemia driven readmission and bleeding rates at 12 months. Conclusions Stent implantation had better efficacy and safety in reducing MACCE risks among acute STEMI patients with single vessel intermediate stenosis culprit lesions.
Background The benefit/risk ratio of stenting in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with single vessel intermediate stenosis culprit lesions merits further study, therefore the subject of the present study. Methods and results It was a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Between April 2012 and July 2015, 399 acute STEMI patients with single vessel disease and intermediate (40%–70%) stenosis of the culprit lesion before or after aspiration thrombectomy and/or intracoronary tirofiban (15 μg/kg) were enrolled and were randomly assigned (1: 1) to stenting group (n = 201) and non-stenting group (n = 198). In stenting group, patients received pharmacologic therapy plus standard percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation. In non-stenting group, patients received pharmacologic therapy and PCI (thrombectomy), but without dilatation or stenting. Primary endpoint was 12-month rate of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), a composite of cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), repeat revascularization and stroke. Secondary endpoints were 12-month rates of all cause death, ischemia driven admission and bleeding complication. Median follow-up time was 12.4 ± 3.1 months. At 12 months, MACCE occurred in 8.0% of the patients in stenting group, as compared with 15.2% in the non-stenting group (adjusted HR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19–0.89, P = 0.02). The stenting group had lower non-fatal MI rate than non-stenting group, (1.5% vs. 5.5%, P = 0.03). The two groups shared similar cardiac death, repeat revascularization, stroke, all cause death, ischemia driven readmission and bleeding rates at 12 months. Conclusions Stent implantation had better efficacy and safety in reducing MACCE risks among acute STEMI patients with single vessel intermediate stenosis culprit lesions.
2017, 14(2): 118-126.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.02.006
Abstract:
Objective To evaluate left univentricular (LUV) pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) using a rate-adaptive atrioventricular delay (RAAVD) algorithm to track physiological atrioventricular delay (AVD). Methods A total of 72 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) were randomized to RAAVD LUV pacing versus standard biventricular (BiV) pacing in a 1: 1 ratio. Echocardiography was used to optimize AVD for both groups. The effects of sequential BiV pacing and LUV pacing with optimized A-V (right atrio-LV) delay using an RAAVD algorithm were compared. The standard deviation (SD) of the S/R ratio in lead V1 at five heart rate (HR) segments (RS/R-SD5), defined as the “tracking index,” was used to evaluate the accuracy of the RAAVD algorithm for tracking physiological AVD. Results The QRS complex duration (132 ± 9.8 vs. 138 ± 10 ms, P vs. 50 ± 8 min, P vs. 2.5 ± 1.3 cm2, P vs. 68.3 ± 14.2 ms, P vs. 21,600 ± 2000 RMB, P vs. 21.4 ± 2.1 cm, P S/R-SD5 was 4.08 ± 1.91 in the RAAVD LUV pacing group, and was significantly negatively correlated with improved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (?LVEF, Pearson’s r = ?0.427, P = 0.009), and positively correlated with New York Heart Association class (Spearman’s r= 0.348, P = 0.037). Conclusions RAAVD LUV pacing is as effective as standard BiV pacing, can be more physiological than standard BiV pacing, and can decrease the average annual cost of CRT.
Objective To evaluate left univentricular (LUV) pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) using a rate-adaptive atrioventricular delay (RAAVD) algorithm to track physiological atrioventricular delay (AVD). Methods A total of 72 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) were randomized to RAAVD LUV pacing versus standard biventricular (BiV) pacing in a 1: 1 ratio. Echocardiography was used to optimize AVD for both groups. The effects of sequential BiV pacing and LUV pacing with optimized A-V (right atrio-LV) delay using an RAAVD algorithm were compared. The standard deviation (SD) of the S/R ratio in lead V1 at five heart rate (HR) segments (RS/R-SD5), defined as the “tracking index,” was used to evaluate the accuracy of the RAAVD algorithm for tracking physiological AVD. Results The QRS complex duration (132 ± 9.8 vs. 138 ± 10 ms, P vs. 50 ± 8 min, P vs. 2.5 ± 1.3 cm2, P vs. 68.3 ± 14.2 ms, P vs. 21,600 ± 2000 RMB, P vs. 21.4 ± 2.1 cm, P S/R-SD5 was 4.08 ± 1.91 in the RAAVD LUV pacing group, and was significantly negatively correlated with improved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (?LVEF, Pearson’s r = ?0.427, P = 0.009), and positively correlated with New York Heart Association class (Spearman’s r= 0.348, P = 0.037). Conclusions RAAVD LUV pacing is as effective as standard BiV pacing, can be more physiological than standard BiV pacing, and can decrease the average annual cost of CRT.
2017, 14(2): 127-134.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.02.007
Abstract:
Background The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (N/L) ratio has been associated with poor prognosis in patients with heart failure, but it has not been compared with N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in elderly patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). We sought to make this comparison. Methods A total of 1355 elderly patients with CHF were analyzed. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the variables associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). Cox regression analysis was used to assess the multivariable relationship between the N/L ratio, NT-proBNP level, and subsequent major cardiovascular events (MCE). Results In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the N/L ratio was demonstrated as a risk factor for AF in elderly patients with CHF [odds ratio (OR): 1.079, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.027–1.134, P = 0.003]. The median follow-up period was 18 months. In a multivariable model using tertiles of both variables, the highest tertile of the N/L ratio was significantly associated with MCE [hazard ratio (HR): 1.407, 95% CI: 1.098–1.802, P = 0.007] compared with the lowest tertile. Similarly, the highest NT-proBNP tertile was also significantly associated with MCE (HR: 1.461, 95% CI: 1.104–1.934, P = 0.008). Conclusions In elderly patients with CHF, the N/L ratio is one of the important risk factors for AF and it is an inexpensive and readily available marker with similar independent prognostic power to NT-proBNP. The risk of MCE increases 1.407-fold when the N/L ratio is elevated to the highest tertile.
Background The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (N/L) ratio has been associated with poor prognosis in patients with heart failure, but it has not been compared with N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in elderly patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). We sought to make this comparison. Methods A total of 1355 elderly patients with CHF were analyzed. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the variables associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). Cox regression analysis was used to assess the multivariable relationship between the N/L ratio, NT-proBNP level, and subsequent major cardiovascular events (MCE). Results In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the N/L ratio was demonstrated as a risk factor for AF in elderly patients with CHF [odds ratio (OR): 1.079, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.027–1.134, P = 0.003]. The median follow-up period was 18 months. In a multivariable model using tertiles of both variables, the highest tertile of the N/L ratio was significantly associated with MCE [hazard ratio (HR): 1.407, 95% CI: 1.098–1.802, P = 0.007] compared with the lowest tertile. Similarly, the highest NT-proBNP tertile was also significantly associated with MCE (HR: 1.461, 95% CI: 1.104–1.934, P = 0.008). Conclusions In elderly patients with CHF, the N/L ratio is one of the important risk factors for AF and it is an inexpensive and readily available marker with similar independent prognostic power to NT-proBNP. The risk of MCE increases 1.407-fold when the N/L ratio is elevated to the highest tertile.
2017, 14(2): 135-150.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.02.008
Abstract:
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The primary prevention of CVD is dependent upon the ability to identify high-risk individuals long before the development of overt events. This highlights the need for accurate risk stratification. An increasing number of novel biomarkers have been identified to predict cardiovascular events. Biomarkers play a critical role in the definition, prognostication, and decision-making regarding the management of cardiovascular events. This review focuses on a variety of promising biomarkers that provide diagnostic and prognostic information. The myocardial tissue-specific biomarker cardiac troponin, high- sensitivity assays for cardiac troponin, and heart-type fatty acid binding proteinall help diagnose myocardial infarction (MI) in the early hours following symptoms. Inflammatory markers such as growth differentiation factor-15, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and uric acid predict MI and death. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, myeloperoxidase, and matrix metalloproteinases predict the risk of acute coronary syndrome. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and secretory phospholipase A2 predict incident and recurrent cardiovascular events. Finally, elevated natriuretic peptides, ST2, endothelin-1, mid-regional-pro-adrenomedullin, copeptin, and galectin-3 have all been well vali?dated to predict death and heart failure following a MI and provide risk stratification information for heart failure. Rapidly developing new areas, such as assessment of micro-RNA, are also explored. All the biomarkers reflect different aspects of the development of atherosclerosis.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The primary prevention of CVD is dependent upon the ability to identify high-risk individuals long before the development of overt events. This highlights the need for accurate risk stratification. An increasing number of novel biomarkers have been identified to predict cardiovascular events. Biomarkers play a critical role in the definition, prognostication, and decision-making regarding the management of cardiovascular events. This review focuses on a variety of promising biomarkers that provide diagnostic and prognostic information. The myocardial tissue-specific biomarker cardiac troponin, high- sensitivity assays for cardiac troponin, and heart-type fatty acid binding proteinall help diagnose myocardial infarction (MI) in the early hours following symptoms. Inflammatory markers such as growth differentiation factor-15, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and uric acid predict MI and death. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, myeloperoxidase, and matrix metalloproteinases predict the risk of acute coronary syndrome. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and secretory phospholipase A2 predict incident and recurrent cardiovascular events. Finally, elevated natriuretic peptides, ST2, endothelin-1, mid-regional-pro-adrenomedullin, copeptin, and galectin-3 have all been well vali?dated to predict death and heart failure following a MI and provide risk stratification information for heart failure. Rapidly developing new areas, such as assessment of micro-RNA, are also explored. All the biomarkers reflect different aspects of the development of atherosclerosis.
2017, 14(2): 151-152.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.02.009
Abstract:
Intracardic air embolism is uncommon, however it is a serious condition which frequently leads to catastrophic complications during or after invasive procedures resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. For a successful resuscitation of patients with intracardiac air embolism, hyperbaric oxygen therapy is critical.[1, 2] Still, due to a hyperbaric chamber’s unavailability at many hospitals and concerns about patient movement resulting in further embolism during transport, such treatment method is gradually diminishing. We present a case of acute-onset right-sided heart failure from massive intracardiac air embolism that was successfully treated with an intracardiac catheter aspiration procedure instead of hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
Intracardic air embolism is uncommon, however it is a serious condition which frequently leads to catastrophic complications during or after invasive procedures resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. For a successful resuscitation of patients with intracardiac air embolism, hyperbaric oxygen therapy is critical.[1, 2] Still, due to a hyperbaric chamber’s unavailability at many hospitals and concerns about patient movement resulting in further embolism during transport, such treatment method is gradually diminishing. We present a case of acute-onset right-sided heart failure from massive intracardiac air embolism that was successfully treated with an intracardiac catheter aspiration procedure instead of hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
2017, 14(2): 153-154.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.02.010
Abstract:
Dear Editor, I have read the article entitled “Predictors and in-hospital prognosis of recurrent acute myocardial infarction” by Cao et al. (1) with great interest, recently published in journal. The investigators reported that recurrent acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients presented with more severe coronary artery conditions. age, diabetes mellitus (DM) and reperfusion therapy were independent risk factors for recurrent AMI, and recurrent AMI was related with a high risk of in-hospital death (1).
Dear Editor, I have read the article entitled “Predictors and in-hospital prognosis of recurrent acute myocardial infarction” by Cao et al. (1) with great interest, recently published in journal. The investigators reported that recurrent acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients presented with more severe coronary artery conditions. age, diabetes mellitus (DM) and reperfusion therapy were independent risk factors for recurrent AMI, and recurrent AMI was related with a high risk of in-hospital death (1).
