2016 Vol. 13, No. 9
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2016, 13(9): 727-732.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.09.011
Abstract:
2016, 13(9): 733-739.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.09.014
Abstract:
Objective To evaluate the predictive value of SYNTAX Score II (SS-II) for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in octogenarian (≥ 80 years old) undergoing PCI. Methods & Results Data from three consecutive years of octogenarian undergoing PCI from Ruijin Hospital (Shanghai, China) was retrospectively collected (n = 308). Follow up clinical data at one year including all cause mortality, cardiac mortality and main adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) were collected. Patients were stratified according to tertiles of SS-II for PCI: SS-II ≤ 26 (n = 104), SS-II: 27–31 (n = 102), SS-II > 31 (n = 102). After adjustment for confounding factors, SS-II for PCI was an independent risk factors for all cause mortality (odds ratio: 2.77, 95% CI: 1.13–8.06; P = 0.04). Kaplan-Meier curves showed higher event rates for all cause mortality and cardiac mortality in higher tertile of SS-II for PCI (Log-Rank test P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively). SS-II for PCI predicted one year mortality in octogenarian population undergoing PCI. Conclusions In octogenarian, SS-II which incorporated clinical variables with angiographic anatomy variable was suitable in risk stratifying and predicting clinical outcomes at one year.
Objective To evaluate the predictive value of SYNTAX Score II (SS-II) for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in octogenarian (≥ 80 years old) undergoing PCI. Methods & Results Data from three consecutive years of octogenarian undergoing PCI from Ruijin Hospital (Shanghai, China) was retrospectively collected (n = 308). Follow up clinical data at one year including all cause mortality, cardiac mortality and main adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) were collected. Patients were stratified according to tertiles of SS-II for PCI: SS-II ≤ 26 (n = 104), SS-II: 27–31 (n = 102), SS-II > 31 (n = 102). After adjustment for confounding factors, SS-II for PCI was an independent risk factors for all cause mortality (odds ratio: 2.77, 95% CI: 1.13–8.06; P = 0.04). Kaplan-Meier curves showed higher event rates for all cause mortality and cardiac mortality in higher tertile of SS-II for PCI (Log-Rank test P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively). SS-II for PCI predicted one year mortality in octogenarian population undergoing PCI. Conclusions In octogenarian, SS-II which incorporated clinical variables with angiographic anatomy variable was suitable in risk stratifying and predicting clinical outcomes at one year.
2016, 13(9): 740-748.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.09.013
Abstract:
Objective To analyze the effect of age on the ECG QT interval, an important predictor of cardiovascular mortality and drug-induced cardiac arrhythmias, and determine whether QT-heart rate correction formulae (QTc) have differential relationships with age and sex. Methods Data were examined from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) II and III, civilian population aged 25 to 90 years. QT weighted means and standard deviations were calculated for all ages. The QTc were evaluated for six QTc: proposed by Bazett (QTcBZT), Fridericia (QTcFRD), Hodges (QTcHDG), Dmitrienko (QTcDMT), Rautaharju (QTcRTHa) and Framingham (QTcFRM). Results QTc was strongly related to age and gender, for all formulae except for QTcBZT for women. The relationship between QTc and age was significant regardless of whether the relationship was approximated by a linear or non-linear (quadratic or cubic spline) model. QTc increased more dramatically with age in men. There was a significant (P Conclusion QTc and its variance increase with age. Prolonged QTc is more prevalent in older individuals, especially men.
Objective To analyze the effect of age on the ECG QT interval, an important predictor of cardiovascular mortality and drug-induced cardiac arrhythmias, and determine whether QT-heart rate correction formulae (QTc) have differential relationships with age and sex. Methods Data were examined from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) II and III, civilian population aged 25 to 90 years. QT weighted means and standard deviations were calculated for all ages. The QTc were evaluated for six QTc: proposed by Bazett (QTcBZT), Fridericia (QTcFRD), Hodges (QTcHDG), Dmitrienko (QTcDMT), Rautaharju (QTcRTHa) and Framingham (QTcFRM). Results QTc was strongly related to age and gender, for all formulae except for QTcBZT for women. The relationship between QTc and age was significant regardless of whether the relationship was approximated by a linear or non-linear (quadratic or cubic spline) model. QTc increased more dramatically with age in men. There was a significant (P Conclusion QTc and its variance increase with age. Prolonged QTc is more prevalent in older individuals, especially men.
2016, 13(9): 749-759.
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the risk factors of symptomatic bradyarrhythmias in relation to β-blockers use. Methods A hospital-based case-control study [228 patients: 108 with symptomatic bradyarrhythmias (cases) and 120 controls] was conducted in Sultanah Aminah Hospital, Malaysia between January 2011 and January 2014. Results The mean age was 61.1 ± 13.3 years with a majority of men (68.9%). Cases were likely than control to be older, hypertensive, lower body mass index and concomitant use of rate-controlling drugs (such as digoxin, verapamil, diltiazem, ivabradine or amiodarone). Significantly higher level of serum potassium, urea, creatinine and lower level of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were observed among cases as compared to controls. On univariate analysis among patients on β-blockers, older age (crude OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.03–1.11, P = 0.000), hypertension (crude OR: 5.6; 95% CI: 1.51–20.72, P = 0.010), lower sodium (crude OR: 0.04; 95% CI: 0.81–0.99, P = 0.036), higher potassium (crude OR: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.31–4.26, P = 0.004) and higher urea (crude OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.11–1.38, P = 0.000) were associated with increased risk of symptomatic bradyarrhythmias; eGFR was inversely and significantly associated with symptomatic bradyarrhythmias in both ‘β-blockers’ (crude OR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96–0.98, P = 0.000) and ‘non-β-blockers’ (crude OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.97–0.99, P = 0.023) arms. However, eGFR was not significantly associated with symptomatic bradyarrhythmias in the final model of both ‘β-blockers’ (adjusted OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96–0.98, P = 0.103) and ‘non-β-blockers’ (adjusted OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.97–1.01, P = 0.328) arms. Importantly, older age was a significant predictor of symptomatic bradyarrhythmias in the ‘β-blockers’ as compared to the ‘non-β-blockers’ arms (adjusted OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03–1.15, P = 0.003 vs. adjusted OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.98–1.09, P = 0.232, respectively). Conclusion Older age was a significant predictor of symptomatic bradyarrhythmias in patients on β-blockers than those without β-blockers.
Objective To investigate the risk factors of symptomatic bradyarrhythmias in relation to β-blockers use. Methods A hospital-based case-control study [228 patients: 108 with symptomatic bradyarrhythmias (cases) and 120 controls] was conducted in Sultanah Aminah Hospital, Malaysia between January 2011 and January 2014. Results The mean age was 61.1 ± 13.3 years with a majority of men (68.9%). Cases were likely than control to be older, hypertensive, lower body mass index and concomitant use of rate-controlling drugs (such as digoxin, verapamil, diltiazem, ivabradine or amiodarone). Significantly higher level of serum potassium, urea, creatinine and lower level of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were observed among cases as compared to controls. On univariate analysis among patients on β-blockers, older age (crude OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.03–1.11, P = 0.000), hypertension (crude OR: 5.6; 95% CI: 1.51–20.72, P = 0.010), lower sodium (crude OR: 0.04; 95% CI: 0.81–0.99, P = 0.036), higher potassium (crude OR: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.31–4.26, P = 0.004) and higher urea (crude OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.11–1.38, P = 0.000) were associated with increased risk of symptomatic bradyarrhythmias; eGFR was inversely and significantly associated with symptomatic bradyarrhythmias in both ‘β-blockers’ (crude OR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96–0.98, P = 0.000) and ‘non-β-blockers’ (crude OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.97–0.99, P = 0.023) arms. However, eGFR was not significantly associated with symptomatic bradyarrhythmias in the final model of both ‘β-blockers’ (adjusted OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96–0.98, P = 0.103) and ‘non-β-blockers’ (adjusted OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.97–1.01, P = 0.328) arms. Importantly, older age was a significant predictor of symptomatic bradyarrhythmias in the ‘β-blockers’ as compared to the ‘non-β-blockers’ arms (adjusted OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03–1.15, P = 0.003 vs. adjusted OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.98–1.09, P = 0.232, respectively). Conclusion Older age was a significant predictor of symptomatic bradyarrhythmias in patients on β-blockers than those without β-blockers.
2016, 13(9): 760-767.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.09.004
Abstract:
Objective To evaluate the clinical outcomes of “one-time” versus staged multivessel stenting in elderly (≥ 60 years) patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) and multivessel disease (MVD). Methods We analyzed data of consecutive NSTE-ACS patients with multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) who were enrolled in General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region between 2008 and 2012. A total of 1090 eligible patients aged ≥ 60 were further categorized into “one-time” group (n = 623) and staged PCI group (n = 467) according to intervention strategy. The primary endpoint was composite outcome of myocardial infarction (MI) or cardiac death during 3-year follow-up. Results The estimated 3-year composite rate of cardiac death or MI was 7.0% in the staged PCI group and 9.5% in the “one-time” group (P = 0.110). Multivariate analysis confirmed the benefit of staged PCI on the primary events in the elderly (HR: 0.638, 95% CI: 0.408 –0.998, P = 0.049). In a propensity score matched cohort, staged PCI was associated with lower rates of primary events (6.1% vs. 10.4%, P = 0.046) and MI (3.4% vs. 7.4%, P = 0.037) at three years. In addition, there were reduced trends in the stent thrombosis at 30 days (0.3% vs. 1.4%, P = 0.177) and at three years (1.1% vs. 2.4%, P = 0.199) in the staged PCI group. There was no significant difference in the 3-year target vessel revascularization (15.5% vs. 14.4%, P = 0.746). Conclusions In elderly NSTE-ACS patients with MVD, staged PCI might be an optimal strategy associated with reduced long-term cardiac death or MI compared with “one-time” PCI strategy, which needs further confirmation.
Objective To evaluate the clinical outcomes of “one-time” versus staged multivessel stenting in elderly (≥ 60 years) patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) and multivessel disease (MVD). Methods We analyzed data of consecutive NSTE-ACS patients with multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) who were enrolled in General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region between 2008 and 2012. A total of 1090 eligible patients aged ≥ 60 were further categorized into “one-time” group (n = 623) and staged PCI group (n = 467) according to intervention strategy. The primary endpoint was composite outcome of myocardial infarction (MI) or cardiac death during 3-year follow-up. Results The estimated 3-year composite rate of cardiac death or MI was 7.0% in the staged PCI group and 9.5% in the “one-time” group (P = 0.110). Multivariate analysis confirmed the benefit of staged PCI on the primary events in the elderly (HR: 0.638, 95% CI: 0.408 –0.998, P = 0.049). In a propensity score matched cohort, staged PCI was associated with lower rates of primary events (6.1% vs. 10.4%, P = 0.046) and MI (3.4% vs. 7.4%, P = 0.037) at three years. In addition, there were reduced trends in the stent thrombosis at 30 days (0.3% vs. 1.4%, P = 0.177) and at three years (1.1% vs. 2.4%, P = 0.199) in the staged PCI group. There was no significant difference in the 3-year target vessel revascularization (15.5% vs. 14.4%, P = 0.746). Conclusions In elderly NSTE-ACS patients with MVD, staged PCI might be an optimal strategy associated with reduced long-term cardiac death or MI compared with “one-time” PCI strategy, which needs further confirmation.
2016, 13(9): 768-775.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.09.012
Abstract:
Background Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is significantly associated with the formation and composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaque, cardiac events and the clinical prognosis of coronary heart disease. But, whether increased EAT deposition may affect the incidence of in-stent restenosis (ISR) is currently unclear. This study used coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) as a mean to investigate whether increased EAT volume was associated with ISR. Methods A total of 364 patients who underwent 64-slice CCTA examination for the evaluation of suspected coronary artery disease, and subsequently underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for the first time, and then accepted coronary angiography (CA) follow-up for ISR examination in one year, were retrospectively included in this study. EAT volume was measured by CCTA examination. CA follow-up was obtained between 9 and 15 months. ISR was de?ned as ≥ 50% luminal diameter narrowing of the stent segment or peri-stent segment. EAT volume was compared between patients with and without ISR and additional well-known predictors of ISR were compared. Results EAT volume was signi?cantly increased in patients with ISR compared with those without ISR (154.5 ± 74.6 mL vs. 131.0 ± 52.2 mL, P Conclusions EAT volume was related with ISR and may provide additional information for future ISR.
Background Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is significantly associated with the formation and composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaque, cardiac events and the clinical prognosis of coronary heart disease. But, whether increased EAT deposition may affect the incidence of in-stent restenosis (ISR) is currently unclear. This study used coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) as a mean to investigate whether increased EAT volume was associated with ISR. Methods A total of 364 patients who underwent 64-slice CCTA examination for the evaluation of suspected coronary artery disease, and subsequently underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for the first time, and then accepted coronary angiography (CA) follow-up for ISR examination in one year, were retrospectively included in this study. EAT volume was measured by CCTA examination. CA follow-up was obtained between 9 and 15 months. ISR was de?ned as ≥ 50% luminal diameter narrowing of the stent segment or peri-stent segment. EAT volume was compared between patients with and without ISR and additional well-known predictors of ISR were compared. Results EAT volume was signi?cantly increased in patients with ISR compared with those without ISR (154.5 ± 74.6 mL vs. 131.0 ± 52.2 mL, P Conclusions EAT volume was related with ISR and may provide additional information for future ISR.
2016, 13(9): 776-782.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.09.001
Abstract:
Background The genes encoding adiponectin receptor 1 (ADIPOR1) and small ubiquitin-like modifier 4 (SUMO4) have been linked to anti-atherogenic effects, but little is known about whether polymorphisms in the two genes, acting separately or interacting, affect risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) without diabetes. Methods We genotyped 200 CAD patients without diabetes and 200 controls without CAD or diabetes at three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ADIPOR1 and one SNP in SUMO4, which were chosen based on previous studies. Potential associations were also explored between these SNPs and clinical characteristics of CAD without diabetes. Results Risk alleles at three SNPs in ADIPOR1 (rs7539542-G, rs7514221-C and rs3737884-G) and the G allele at SNP rs237025 in SUMO4 significantly increased risk of CAD without diabetes, with ORs ranging from 1.79 to 4.44. Carriers of any of these four risk alleles showed similar adverse clinical characteristics. Compared with individuals with a CC or GC genotype, those with a GG genotype at rs3737884 were at significantly higher risk of CAD that affected the left anterior descending coronary artery (OR: 6.77, P = 0.009), the right coronary artery (OR: 4.81, P = 0.028) or a relatively large number of vessels (P = 0.04). Individuals carrying a risk allele at one or more of the three SNPs in ADIPOR1 as well as a risk allele at the SNP in SUMO4 were at significantly higher risk of CAD without diabetes than individuals not carrying any risk alleles (OR: 5.82, 95% CI: 1.23?27.7, P = 0.013). Conclusions SNPs in ADIPOR1 and SUMO4 are associated with elevated risk of CAD without diabetes, and SNPs in the two genes may interact to jointly affect disease risk.
Background The genes encoding adiponectin receptor 1 (ADIPOR1) and small ubiquitin-like modifier 4 (SUMO4) have been linked to anti-atherogenic effects, but little is known about whether polymorphisms in the two genes, acting separately or interacting, affect risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) without diabetes. Methods We genotyped 200 CAD patients without diabetes and 200 controls without CAD or diabetes at three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ADIPOR1 and one SNP in SUMO4, which were chosen based on previous studies. Potential associations were also explored between these SNPs and clinical characteristics of CAD without diabetes. Results Risk alleles at three SNPs in ADIPOR1 (rs7539542-G, rs7514221-C and rs3737884-G) and the G allele at SNP rs237025 in SUMO4 significantly increased risk of CAD without diabetes, with ORs ranging from 1.79 to 4.44. Carriers of any of these four risk alleles showed similar adverse clinical characteristics. Compared with individuals with a CC or GC genotype, those with a GG genotype at rs3737884 were at significantly higher risk of CAD that affected the left anterior descending coronary artery (OR: 6.77, P = 0.009), the right coronary artery (OR: 4.81, P = 0.028) or a relatively large number of vessels (P = 0.04). Individuals carrying a risk allele at one or more of the three SNPs in ADIPOR1 as well as a risk allele at the SNP in SUMO4 were at significantly higher risk of CAD without diabetes than individuals not carrying any risk alleles (OR: 5.82, 95% CI: 1.23?27.7, P = 0.013). Conclusions SNPs in ADIPOR1 and SUMO4 are associated with elevated risk of CAD without diabetes, and SNPs in the two genes may interact to jointly affect disease risk.
2016, 13(9): 783-788.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.09.005
Abstract:
Objective To study the effect of allitridum on the transient outward potassium current (Ito) of ventricular myocytes in heart failure (HF). Methods The dual enzymatic method was used to separate single ventricular myocytes from Sprague Dawley rats. Patch-clamping was used to record Ito and analyze the effect of allitridum on the current. Results The Ito current had a significant decrease in the HF group, compared with the control group. The density of Ito in the HF group was increased after treatment of allitridum (30 μmol/L). The peak current densities of Ito were enhanced in the HF group from 6.01 ± 0.30 pA/pF to 8.41 ± 0.54 pA/pF (P Ito in the HF group. Conclusions We found that allitridum increased the Ito by accelerating the activation of channels and shortened the time constants of inactivation, and allitridum decreased the remodeling of Ito in ventricular myocytes of rats with HF.
Objective To study the effect of allitridum on the transient outward potassium current (Ito) of ventricular myocytes in heart failure (HF). Methods The dual enzymatic method was used to separate single ventricular myocytes from Sprague Dawley rats. Patch-clamping was used to record Ito and analyze the effect of allitridum on the current. Results The Ito current had a significant decrease in the HF group, compared with the control group. The density of Ito in the HF group was increased after treatment of allitridum (30 μmol/L). The peak current densities of Ito were enhanced in the HF group from 6.01 ± 0.30 pA/pF to 8.41 ± 0.54 pA/pF (P Ito in the HF group. Conclusions We found that allitridum increased the Ito by accelerating the activation of channels and shortened the time constants of inactivation, and allitridum decreased the remodeling of Ito in ventricular myocytes of rats with HF.
2016, 13(9): 789-797.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.09.006
Abstract:
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) from ventricular fibrillation (VF) during coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of total and cardiovascular mortality, and in more than half of SCD cases VF occurs as the first symptom of CAD. Several epidemiological studies have shown that sudden death of a family member is a risk factor for SCD and VF during acute myocardial infarction (MI), independent of traditional risk factors including family history of MI, suggesting a genetic component in the susceptibility to VF. To prevent SCD and VF due to MI, we need a better understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms causing VF in this apparently healthy population. Even though new insights and technologies have become available, the genetic predisposition to VF during MI remains poorly understood. Findings from a variety of different genetic studies have failed to reach reproducibility, although several genetic variants, both common and rare variants, have been associated to either VF or SCD. For this review, we searched PubMed for potentially relevant articles, using the following MeSH-terms: “sudden cardiac death”, “ventricular fibrillation”, “out-of-hospital cardiac arrest”, “myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia”, “coronary artery disease”, and “genetics”. This review describes the epidemiology and evidence for genetic susceptibility to VF due to MI.
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) from ventricular fibrillation (VF) during coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of total and cardiovascular mortality, and in more than half of SCD cases VF occurs as the first symptom of CAD. Several epidemiological studies have shown that sudden death of a family member is a risk factor for SCD and VF during acute myocardial infarction (MI), independent of traditional risk factors including family history of MI, suggesting a genetic component in the susceptibility to VF. To prevent SCD and VF due to MI, we need a better understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms causing VF in this apparently healthy population. Even though new insights and technologies have become available, the genetic predisposition to VF during MI remains poorly understood. Findings from a variety of different genetic studies have failed to reach reproducibility, although several genetic variants, both common and rare variants, have been associated to either VF or SCD. For this review, we searched PubMed for potentially relevant articles, using the following MeSH-terms: “sudden cardiac death”, “ventricular fibrillation”, “out-of-hospital cardiac arrest”, “myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia”, “coronary artery disease”, and “genetics”. This review describes the epidemiology and evidence for genetic susceptibility to VF due to MI.
2016, 13(9): 798-806.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.09.002
Abstract:
Transradial cardiac catheterisation has been reported to be more beneficial compared to other approaches with easier and safer post-procedural haemostasis, better patient comfort, earlier ambulation and possibility of performing procedure and discharge on the same day. There is only limited data examining transradial access in the elderly population. In this review we looked at the available literature to give an insight into how the transradial approach compared to the transfemoral and other approaches in the elderly population. Elderly population is at higher risk of vascular access site bleeding and the transradial approach has shown equal efficacy to transfemoral approach. However, transradial approach significantly reduces vascular complications, hospital stay, mobilization times and adverse cardiac events. Therefore, transradial approach should be considered as the preferred vascular access site in the elderly population.
Transradial cardiac catheterisation has been reported to be more beneficial compared to other approaches with easier and safer post-procedural haemostasis, better patient comfort, earlier ambulation and possibility of performing procedure and discharge on the same day. There is only limited data examining transradial access in the elderly population. In this review we looked at the available literature to give an insight into how the transradial approach compared to the transfemoral and other approaches in the elderly population. Elderly population is at higher risk of vascular access site bleeding and the transradial approach has shown equal efficacy to transfemoral approach. However, transradial approach significantly reduces vascular complications, hospital stay, mobilization times and adverse cardiac events. Therefore, transradial approach should be considered as the preferred vascular access site in the elderly population.
2016, 13(9): 807-810.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.09.010
Abstract:
Elderly patients with atrial fibrillation usually have more concomitant conditions that affect compliance and adherence to anticoagulant therapy. Direct oral anticoagulants seem to be associated with better adherence; however, there is still room to improve continuous coagulation control and adherence among elderly patients receiving anticoagulants in everyday practice.
Elderly patients with atrial fibrillation usually have more concomitant conditions that affect compliance and adherence to anticoagulant therapy. Direct oral anticoagulants seem to be associated with better adherence; however, there is still room to improve continuous coagulation control and adherence among elderly patients receiving anticoagulants in everyday practice.
2016, 13(9): 811-812.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.09.008
Abstract:
Letter to the editor
Letter to the editor
2016, 13(9): 813-814.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.09.007
Abstract:
Letter to the Editor
Letter to the Editor
