2016 Vol. 13, No. 4
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2016, 13(4): 279-281.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.04.013
Abstract:
The burgeoning geriatric population worldwide has resulted in an unprecedented challenge to the cardiology community. Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population, but its recognition and management are characteristically confounded by substantial comorbidities, polypharmacy, and other complexities of care, not encountered in younger cardiac patients.
The burgeoning geriatric population worldwide has resulted in an unprecedented challenge to the cardiology community. Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population, but its recognition and management are characteristically confounded by substantial comorbidities, polypharmacy, and other complexities of care, not encountered in younger cardiac patients.
2016, 13(4): 282-289.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.04.012
Abstract:
Background Ticagrelor provides enhanced antiplatelet efficacy but increased risk of bleeding and dyspnea. This study aimed to display the relationship between ADP-induced platelet-fibrin clot strength (MAADP) and clinical outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients treated by ticagrelor. Methods Consecutive Chinese-Han patients with ACS who received maintenance dose of ticagrelor on top of aspirin were recruited. After 5-day ticagrelor maintenance treatment, MAADP measured by thrombelastography (TEG) were recorded for the evaluation of ticagrelor anti-platelet reactivity. Pre-specified cutoffs of MAADP > 47 mm for high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) and MAADP Results Overall, 176 ACS patients (Male: 79.55%, Age: 59.91 ± 10.54 years) under ticagrelor maintenance treatment were recruited. The value of MAADP ranged from 4.80% to 72.90% (21.27% ± 12.07% on average), with the distribution higher skewed towards the lower values. Using the pre-specific cutoffs for HTPR and LTPR, seven patients (3.98%) were identified as HTPR and 144 patients (81.82%) as LTPR. After a follow-up of three months in 172 patients, major cardiovascular events occurred in no patient, but TIMI bleeding events in 81 (47.09%) with major bleedings in three patients. All patients with major bleedings were classified as LTPR. Ticagrelor related dyspnea occurred in 31 (18.02%) patients, with 30 (21.28%) classified as LTPR and no one as HTPR (P = 0.02). Conclusions In ticagrelor treated ACS patients, MAADP measured by TEG might be valuable for the prediction of major bleeding and ticagrelor related dyspnea. Due to the small number of patients with HTPR after ticagrelor maintenance treatment, larger scale study should be warranted to verify the relationship between MAADP defined HTPR and ticagrelor related ischemic events.
Background Ticagrelor provides enhanced antiplatelet efficacy but increased risk of bleeding and dyspnea. This study aimed to display the relationship between ADP-induced platelet-fibrin clot strength (MAADP) and clinical outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients treated by ticagrelor. Methods Consecutive Chinese-Han patients with ACS who received maintenance dose of ticagrelor on top of aspirin were recruited. After 5-day ticagrelor maintenance treatment, MAADP measured by thrombelastography (TEG) were recorded for the evaluation of ticagrelor anti-platelet reactivity. Pre-specified cutoffs of MAADP > 47 mm for high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) and MAADP Results Overall, 176 ACS patients (Male: 79.55%, Age: 59.91 ± 10.54 years) under ticagrelor maintenance treatment were recruited. The value of MAADP ranged from 4.80% to 72.90% (21.27% ± 12.07% on average), with the distribution higher skewed towards the lower values. Using the pre-specific cutoffs for HTPR and LTPR, seven patients (3.98%) were identified as HTPR and 144 patients (81.82%) as LTPR. After a follow-up of three months in 172 patients, major cardiovascular events occurred in no patient, but TIMI bleeding events in 81 (47.09%) with major bleedings in three patients. All patients with major bleedings were classified as LTPR. Ticagrelor related dyspnea occurred in 31 (18.02%) patients, with 30 (21.28%) classified as LTPR and no one as HTPR (P = 0.02). Conclusions In ticagrelor treated ACS patients, MAADP measured by TEG might be valuable for the prediction of major bleeding and ticagrelor related dyspnea. Due to the small number of patients with HTPR after ticagrelor maintenance treatment, larger scale study should be warranted to verify the relationship between MAADP defined HTPR and ticagrelor related ischemic events.
2016, 13(4): 290-298.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.04.001
Abstract:
Background Whether patients with reduced left ventricular function present worse outcome after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of baseline severe impairment of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on mortality after TAVI. Methods Six-hundred-forty-nine patients with aortic stenosis underwent TAVI with the CoreValve system (92.8%) or the Edwards SAPIEN valve system (7.2%). Baseline LVEF was measured by the echocardiographic Simpson method. The impact of LVEF ≤ 30% on mortality was assessed by Cox regression. Results Patients with LVEF ≤ 30% (n = 63), as compared to those with LVEF > 30% (n = 586), had a higher prevalence of NHYA class > 2 (P P vs. 97.2%, P = 1). After a median follow-up of 436 days (25th–75th percentile, 357–737 days), all-cause mortality [23.8% vs. 23.7%, P = 0.87, hazard ratios (HR): 0.96, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.56–1.63] and cardiac mortality (19.1% vs. 17.6%, P = 0.89, HR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.57–1.90) were similar in patients with LVEF ≤ 30% as compared to those with LVEF > 30%. Thirty-day all-cause mortality was not significantly different between the two groups (11.1% vs. 6.3%, P = 0.14, HR: 1.81, 95% CI: 0.81–4.06). Patients with LVEF ≤ 30% had a trend toward higher risk of 30-day cardiac mortality (11.1% vs.5.3%; P = 0.06, HR: 2.16, 95% CI: 0.95–4.90), which disappeared after multivariable adjustment (P = 0.22). Conclusions Baseline severe impairment of LVEF is not a predictor of increased short-term and mid-term mortality after TAVI. Selected patients with severe impairment of left ventricular function should not be denied TAVI.
Background Whether patients with reduced left ventricular function present worse outcome after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of baseline severe impairment of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on mortality after TAVI. Methods Six-hundred-forty-nine patients with aortic stenosis underwent TAVI with the CoreValve system (92.8%) or the Edwards SAPIEN valve system (7.2%). Baseline LVEF was measured by the echocardiographic Simpson method. The impact of LVEF ≤ 30% on mortality was assessed by Cox regression. Results Patients with LVEF ≤ 30% (n = 63), as compared to those with LVEF > 30% (n = 586), had a higher prevalence of NHYA class > 2 (P P vs. 97.2%, P = 1). After a median follow-up of 436 days (25th–75th percentile, 357–737 days), all-cause mortality [23.8% vs. 23.7%, P = 0.87, hazard ratios (HR): 0.96, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.56–1.63] and cardiac mortality (19.1% vs. 17.6%, P = 0.89, HR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.57–1.90) were similar in patients with LVEF ≤ 30% as compared to those with LVEF > 30%. Thirty-day all-cause mortality was not significantly different between the two groups (11.1% vs. 6.3%, P = 0.14, HR: 1.81, 95% CI: 0.81–4.06). Patients with LVEF ≤ 30% had a trend toward higher risk of 30-day cardiac mortality (11.1% vs.5.3%; P = 0.06, HR: 2.16, 95% CI: 0.95–4.90), which disappeared after multivariable adjustment (P = 0.22). Conclusions Baseline severe impairment of LVEF is not a predictor of increased short-term and mid-term mortality after TAVI. Selected patients with severe impairment of left ventricular function should not be denied TAVI.
2016, 13(4): 299-305.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.04.010
Abstract:
Background The influence of homocysteine (Hcy) on the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells has been well established. However, the impact of Hcy levels on the progression of non-culprit coronary lesions (NCCLs) is controversial. This study aims to evaluate whether the plasma level of Hcy is related to the progression of NCCLs after percutaneous coronary stent implantation in elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods A total of 223 elderly patients (≥ 65 years old) with ACS undergoing stent implantation and follow-up coronary angiography were enrolled. Laboratory determination comprised of blood sample evaluation for Hcy was carried out before baseline coronary intervention. The patients were classified into two groups according to the blood Hcy tertiles (≥ 15 mmol/L or Results A significantly higher ratio of NCCL progression was observed in the group with baseline Hcy concentrations above 15 mmol/L compared to the group with concentrations below 15 mmol/L (41/127, 32.3% vs. 14/96, 14.6%, P = 0.002). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that Hcy and diabetes mellitus were independent risk factors for NCCL progression. The crude hazard ratio (HR) of NCCL progression for Hcy level was 1.056 (95% CI: 1.01–1.104, P = 0.015). The adjusted HR of NCCL progression for Hcy level was 1.024 (95% CI: 1.007–1.042, P = 0.007). The adjusted HR of NCCL progression for diabetes mellitus was 1.992 (95% CI: 1.15–3.44, P = 0.013). Conclusions Hcy is an independent risk factor for NCCL progression after 12 months of follow-up in elderly patients with ACS who has undergone percutaneous coronary stenting.
Background The influence of homocysteine (Hcy) on the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells has been well established. However, the impact of Hcy levels on the progression of non-culprit coronary lesions (NCCLs) is controversial. This study aims to evaluate whether the plasma level of Hcy is related to the progression of NCCLs after percutaneous coronary stent implantation in elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods A total of 223 elderly patients (≥ 65 years old) with ACS undergoing stent implantation and follow-up coronary angiography were enrolled. Laboratory determination comprised of blood sample evaluation for Hcy was carried out before baseline coronary intervention. The patients were classified into two groups according to the blood Hcy tertiles (≥ 15 mmol/L or Results A significantly higher ratio of NCCL progression was observed in the group with baseline Hcy concentrations above 15 mmol/L compared to the group with concentrations below 15 mmol/L (41/127, 32.3% vs. 14/96, 14.6%, P = 0.002). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that Hcy and diabetes mellitus were independent risk factors for NCCL progression. The crude hazard ratio (HR) of NCCL progression for Hcy level was 1.056 (95% CI: 1.01–1.104, P = 0.015). The adjusted HR of NCCL progression for Hcy level was 1.024 (95% CI: 1.007–1.042, P = 0.007). The adjusted HR of NCCL progression for diabetes mellitus was 1.992 (95% CI: 1.15–3.44, P = 0.013). Conclusions Hcy is an independent risk factor for NCCL progression after 12 months of follow-up in elderly patients with ACS who has undergone percutaneous coronary stenting.
2016, 13(4): 306-311.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.04.004
Abstract:
Background Different stents implantation in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients may influence the long term prognosis by affecting vessel healings after stenting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the vessel healings after implantation of drug eluting stents (DES) with biodegradable or durable polymer or of bare-metal stents (BMS) in patients with acute STEMI. Methods This study included 50 patients, who underwent follow up angiogram and optical coherence tomography (OCT) assessment about one year after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for STEMI. According to the initial stents types, these patients were classified to durable (n = 19) or biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents (n = 15), or BMS (n = 16) groups. The conditions of stent struts coverage and malapposition were analyzed with OCT technique. Results A total of 9003 struts were analyzed: 3299, 3202 and 2502 from durable or biodegradable polymer DES, or BMS, respectively. Strut coverage rate (89.0%, 94.9% and 99.3%, respectively), malapposition presence (1.7%, 0.03% and 0 of struts, respectively) and average intimal thickness over struts (76 ± 12 μm, 161 ± 30 μm and 292 ± 29 μm, respectively) were significantly different among different stent groups (all P Conclusions Vessel healing status in STEMI patients is superior after implantation of biodegradable polymer DES than durable polymer DES, while both are inferior to BMS
Background Different stents implantation in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients may influence the long term prognosis by affecting vessel healings after stenting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the vessel healings after implantation of drug eluting stents (DES) with biodegradable or durable polymer or of bare-metal stents (BMS) in patients with acute STEMI. Methods This study included 50 patients, who underwent follow up angiogram and optical coherence tomography (OCT) assessment about one year after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for STEMI. According to the initial stents types, these patients were classified to durable (n = 19) or biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents (n = 15), or BMS (n = 16) groups. The conditions of stent struts coverage and malapposition were analyzed with OCT technique. Results A total of 9003 struts were analyzed: 3299, 3202 and 2502 from durable or biodegradable polymer DES, or BMS, respectively. Strut coverage rate (89.0%, 94.9% and 99.3%, respectively), malapposition presence (1.7%, 0.03% and 0 of struts, respectively) and average intimal thickness over struts (76 ± 12 μm, 161 ± 30 μm and 292 ± 29 μm, respectively) were significantly different among different stent groups (all P Conclusions Vessel healing status in STEMI patients is superior after implantation of biodegradable polymer DES than durable polymer DES, while both are inferior to BMS
2016, 13(4): 312-315.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.04.002
Abstract:
Background Pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a secreted protein that influences plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Both oxidized LDL and tissue factor (TF) contributed to the development of prothrombotic state. The present study aims to explore the relationship between plasma level of PCSK9 and that of TF in patient with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods From July 2013 to March 2014, we enrolled 197 consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography because of suspected CAD at Beijing Anzhen Hospital in this study. All patients had no history of using lipid-lowering medication. Of these 197 patients (131 male and 66 female, mean age 56.9 ± 11.8 years), 81 had angiographically diagnosed CAD. Clinical data were collected. Plasma PCSK9 and TF were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Levels of plasma PCSK9 and TF were compared and their correlation analyzed among different patient groups. Results Both plasma levels of PCSK9 (279.8 ± 60.4 μg/L vs. 216.5 ± 45.3 μg/L, P vs. 112.1 ± 38.3 μg/L, P P Conclusions The plasma level of PCSK9 is independently and positively associated with that of TF in CAD patients with diabetes mellitus, but not in those without diabetes mellitus. Further study is needed to investigate the underlying mechanism.
Background Pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a secreted protein that influences plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Both oxidized LDL and tissue factor (TF) contributed to the development of prothrombotic state. The present study aims to explore the relationship between plasma level of PCSK9 and that of TF in patient with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods From July 2013 to March 2014, we enrolled 197 consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography because of suspected CAD at Beijing Anzhen Hospital in this study. All patients had no history of using lipid-lowering medication. Of these 197 patients (131 male and 66 female, mean age 56.9 ± 11.8 years), 81 had angiographically diagnosed CAD. Clinical data were collected. Plasma PCSK9 and TF were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Levels of plasma PCSK9 and TF were compared and their correlation analyzed among different patient groups. Results Both plasma levels of PCSK9 (279.8 ± 60.4 μg/L vs. 216.5 ± 45.3 μg/L, P vs. 112.1 ± 38.3 μg/L, P P Conclusions The plasma level of PCSK9 is independently and positively associated with that of TF in CAD patients with diabetes mellitus, but not in those without diabetes mellitus. Further study is needed to investigate the underlying mechanism.
2016, 13(4): 316-325.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.04.008
Abstract:
Objective Allocryptopine (ALL) is an effective alkaloid of Corydalis decumbens (Thunb.) Pers. Papaveraceae and has proved to be anti-arrhythmic. The purpose of our study is to investigate the effects of ALL on transmural repolarizing ionic ingredients of outward potassium current (Ito) and slow delayed rectifier potassium current (IKs). Methods The monophasic action potential (MAP) technique was used to record the MAP duration of the epicardium (Epi), myocardium (M) and endocardium (Endo) of the rabbit heart and the whole cell patch clamp was used to record Ito and IKs in cardiomyocytes of Epi, M and Endo layers that were isolated from rabbit ventricles. Results The effects of ALL on MAP of Epi, M and Endo layers were disequilibrium. ALL could effectively reduce the transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) in rabbit transmural ventricular wall. ALL decreased the current densities of Ito and IKs in a voltage and concentration dependent way and narrowed the repolarizing differences among three layers. The analysis of gating kinetics showed ALL accelerated the channel activation of Ito in M layers and partly inhibit the channel openings of Ito in Epi, M and Endo cells. On the other hand, ALL mainly slowed channel deactivation of IKs channel in Epi and Endo layers without affecting its activation. Conclusions Our study gives partially explanation about the mechanisms of transmural inhibition of Ito and IKs channels by ALL in rabbit myocardium. These findings provide novel perspective regarding the anti-arrhythmogenesis application of ALL in clinical settings.
Objective Allocryptopine (ALL) is an effective alkaloid of Corydalis decumbens (Thunb.) Pers. Papaveraceae and has proved to be anti-arrhythmic. The purpose of our study is to investigate the effects of ALL on transmural repolarizing ionic ingredients of outward potassium current (Ito) and slow delayed rectifier potassium current (IKs). Methods The monophasic action potential (MAP) technique was used to record the MAP duration of the epicardium (Epi), myocardium (M) and endocardium (Endo) of the rabbit heart and the whole cell patch clamp was used to record Ito and IKs in cardiomyocytes of Epi, M and Endo layers that were isolated from rabbit ventricles. Results The effects of ALL on MAP of Epi, M and Endo layers were disequilibrium. ALL could effectively reduce the transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) in rabbit transmural ventricular wall. ALL decreased the current densities of Ito and IKs in a voltage and concentration dependent way and narrowed the repolarizing differences among three layers. The analysis of gating kinetics showed ALL accelerated the channel activation of Ito in M layers and partly inhibit the channel openings of Ito in Epi, M and Endo cells. On the other hand, ALL mainly slowed channel deactivation of IKs channel in Epi and Endo layers without affecting its activation. Conclusions Our study gives partially explanation about the mechanisms of transmural inhibition of Ito and IKs channels by ALL in rabbit myocardium. These findings provide novel perspective regarding the anti-arrhythmogenesis application of ALL in clinical settings.
2016, 13(4): 326-332.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.04.006
Abstract:
Background Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) protocols have diversified to include home-based cardiac tele-rehabilitation (HBCTR) as an alternative to hospital-based or center-based CR. To adopt the use of home-based cardiac tele-rehabilitation, it is necessary to assess cardiac patients’ attitudes towards acceptance of such e-health technology, especially in China where knowledge of such technology is deficient. Methods Interviews were conducted in the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China. After percutaneous coronary interventional (PCI) surgery, patients completed the survey. Results Among the 150 patients, only 13% had ever heard of HBCTR. After an introduction of our HBCTR program, 60% of patients were willing to participate in the program. From our multivariate analysis of questionnaire data, age (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86–0.98; P = 0.007), average family monthly income (OR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.05–0.34; P P = 0.002) and physical exercise time (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.06–0.56; P = 0.003) were independent predictors for acceptance of HBCTR. From the reasons for participation, patients selected: enhanced safety and independence (28.3%), ability to self-monitor physical conditions daily (25.4%), and having automatic and emergency alert (23.1%). Reasons for refusal were: too cumbersome operation (34.3%) and unnecessary protocol (19.4%). Conclusions Most patients lacked knowledge about HBCTR but volunteered to participate after they have learned about the program. Several personal and life-style factors influenced their acceptance of the program. These indicate that both improvement of technology and better understanding of the program will enhance active participation.
Background Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) protocols have diversified to include home-based cardiac tele-rehabilitation (HBCTR) as an alternative to hospital-based or center-based CR. To adopt the use of home-based cardiac tele-rehabilitation, it is necessary to assess cardiac patients’ attitudes towards acceptance of such e-health technology, especially in China where knowledge of such technology is deficient. Methods Interviews were conducted in the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China. After percutaneous coronary interventional (PCI) surgery, patients completed the survey. Results Among the 150 patients, only 13% had ever heard of HBCTR. After an introduction of our HBCTR program, 60% of patients were willing to participate in the program. From our multivariate analysis of questionnaire data, age (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86–0.98; P = 0.007), average family monthly income (OR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.05–0.34; P P = 0.002) and physical exercise time (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.06–0.56; P = 0.003) were independent predictors for acceptance of HBCTR. From the reasons for participation, patients selected: enhanced safety and independence (28.3%), ability to self-monitor physical conditions daily (25.4%), and having automatic and emergency alert (23.1%). Reasons for refusal were: too cumbersome operation (34.3%) and unnecessary protocol (19.4%). Conclusions Most patients lacked knowledge about HBCTR but volunteered to participate after they have learned about the program. Several personal and life-style factors influenced their acceptance of the program. These indicate that both improvement of technology and better understanding of the program will enhance active participation.
2016, 13(4): 333-343.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.03.020
Abstract:
Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common cause of resistant hypertension, which has been proposed to result from activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS). We meta-analyzed the effects of OSA on plasma levels of RAAS components. Methods Full-text studies published on MEDLINE and EMBASE analyzing fasting plasma levels of at least one RAAS component in adults with OSA with or without hypertension. OSA was diagnosed as an apnea-hypopnea index or respiratory disturbance index ≥ 5. Study quality was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Results from individual studies were synthesized using inverse variance and pooled using a random-effects model. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression were performed, and risk of publication bias was assessed. Results The meta-analysis included 13 studies, of which 10 reported results on renin (n = 470 cases and controls), 7 on angiotensin II (AngII, n = 384), and 9 on aldosterone (n = 439). AngII levels were significantly higher in OSA than in controls [mean differences = 3.39 ng/L, 95% CI: 2.00–4.79, P P = 0.0005). Meta-analysis of all studies suggested no significant differences in aldosterone between OSA and controls, but a significant pooled mean difference of 1.35 ng/mL (95% CI: 0.88–1.82, P Conclusions OSA is associated with higher AngII and aldosterone levels, especially in hypertensive patients. OSA may cause hypertension, at least in part, by stimulating RAAS activity.
Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common cause of resistant hypertension, which has been proposed to result from activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS). We meta-analyzed the effects of OSA on plasma levels of RAAS components. Methods Full-text studies published on MEDLINE and EMBASE analyzing fasting plasma levels of at least one RAAS component in adults with OSA with or without hypertension. OSA was diagnosed as an apnea-hypopnea index or respiratory disturbance index ≥ 5. Study quality was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Results from individual studies were synthesized using inverse variance and pooled using a random-effects model. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression were performed, and risk of publication bias was assessed. Results The meta-analysis included 13 studies, of which 10 reported results on renin (n = 470 cases and controls), 7 on angiotensin II (AngII, n = 384), and 9 on aldosterone (n = 439). AngII levels were significantly higher in OSA than in controls [mean differences = 3.39 ng/L, 95% CI: 2.00–4.79, P P = 0.0005). Meta-analysis of all studies suggested no significant differences in aldosterone between OSA and controls, but a significant pooled mean difference of 1.35 ng/mL (95% CI: 0.88–1.82, P Conclusions OSA is associated with higher AngII and aldosterone levels, especially in hypertensive patients. OSA may cause hypertension, at least in part, by stimulating RAAS activity.
2016, 13(4): 344-354.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.04.018
Abstract:
Background The clinical efficacy and safety of adjunctive thrombus aspiration (TA) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remain controversial. Methods Twenty five eligible randomized controlled trials were included to compare the use of thrombus aspiration (TA) with PCI and PCI-only for STEMI. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality and death. The secondary endpoints were major adverse cardiac events (MACE), recurrent infarction (RI), target vessel revascularization (TVR), stent thrombosis (ST), perfusion surrogate markers and stroke. Results TIMI flow grade 3 and MBG 2–3 were significantly increased in the TA plus PCI arm compared with the PCI-only arm [relative risk (RR): 1.05, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.02–1.09, P = 0.004] and (RR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.40–2.00, P P = 0.03), but there was no significant difference in RI incidence over the medium- or long-term follow-up periods (RR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.77–1.29, P = 0.98), and (RR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.81–1.15, P = 0.69), respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the rates of crude stroke and stroke over the medium- or long-term follow-up periods and the crude stroke rate in the TA plus PCI (RR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.08–2.38, P = 0.02) and (RR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.03–1.98, P = 0.03), respectively; this was not observed between the two arms during the short-term follow-up period (RR: 1.47, 95% CI: 0.97–2.21, P = 0.07). Conclusions Routine TA-assisted PCI in STEMI patients can improve myocardial reperfusion and get limited benefits related to the clinical endpoints, which may be associated with stroke risk.
Background The clinical efficacy and safety of adjunctive thrombus aspiration (TA) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remain controversial. Methods Twenty five eligible randomized controlled trials were included to compare the use of thrombus aspiration (TA) with PCI and PCI-only for STEMI. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality and death. The secondary endpoints were major adverse cardiac events (MACE), recurrent infarction (RI), target vessel revascularization (TVR), stent thrombosis (ST), perfusion surrogate markers and stroke. Results TIMI flow grade 3 and MBG 2–3 were significantly increased in the TA plus PCI arm compared with the PCI-only arm [relative risk (RR): 1.05, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.02–1.09, P = 0.004] and (RR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.40–2.00, P P = 0.03), but there was no significant difference in RI incidence over the medium- or long-term follow-up periods (RR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.77–1.29, P = 0.98), and (RR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.81–1.15, P = 0.69), respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the rates of crude stroke and stroke over the medium- or long-term follow-up periods and the crude stroke rate in the TA plus PCI (RR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.08–2.38, P = 0.02) and (RR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.03–1.98, P = 0.03), respectively; this was not observed between the two arms during the short-term follow-up period (RR: 1.47, 95% CI: 0.97–2.21, P = 0.07). Conclusions Routine TA-assisted PCI in STEMI patients can improve myocardial reperfusion and get limited benefits related to the clinical endpoints, which may be associated with stroke risk.
2016, 13(4): 355-363.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.04.003
Abstract:
Breast cancer (BC) is diagnosed in ≥ 65 year old women in about half of cases. Experts currently recommend that systemic therapy is offered to elderly patients with BC, if, based on their overall conditions and life expectancy, it can be reasonably anticipated that the benefits will outweigh the risks of treatment. Like for young subjects, the monoclonal antibody against human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2), trastuzumab, represents a valid therapeutic option when BC over-expresses this receptor. Unfortunately, administration of trastuzumab is associated with the occurrence of left ventricular dysfunction and chronic heart failure (CHF), possibly because of interference with the homeostatic functions of HER-2 in the heart. Registry-based, retrospective analyses have reported an incidence of CHF around 25% in elderly women receiving trastuzumab compared with 10%–15% in those not given any therapy for BC, and the risk of CHF has been estimated to be two-fold higher in > 60–65 year old trastuzumab users vs. non-users. Extremely advanced age and preexisting cardiac disease have been shown to predispose to trastuzumab cardiotoxicity. Therefore, selection of older patients for treatment with trastuzumab should be primarily based on their general status and the presence of comorbidities; previous chemotherapy, especially with anthracyclines, should be also taken into account. Once therapy has started, efforts should be made to ensure regular cardiac surveillance. The role of selected biomarkers, such as cardiac troponin, or new imaging techniques (three-dimension, tissue Doppler echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging) is promising, but must be further investigated especially in the elderly. Moreover, additional studies are needed in order to better understand the mechanisms by which trastuzumab affects the old heart.
Breast cancer (BC) is diagnosed in ≥ 65 year old women in about half of cases. Experts currently recommend that systemic therapy is offered to elderly patients with BC, if, based on their overall conditions and life expectancy, it can be reasonably anticipated that the benefits will outweigh the risks of treatment. Like for young subjects, the monoclonal antibody against human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2), trastuzumab, represents a valid therapeutic option when BC over-expresses this receptor. Unfortunately, administration of trastuzumab is associated with the occurrence of left ventricular dysfunction and chronic heart failure (CHF), possibly because of interference with the homeostatic functions of HER-2 in the heart. Registry-based, retrospective analyses have reported an incidence of CHF around 25% in elderly women receiving trastuzumab compared with 10%–15% in those not given any therapy for BC, and the risk of CHF has been estimated to be two-fold higher in > 60–65 year old trastuzumab users vs. non-users. Extremely advanced age and preexisting cardiac disease have been shown to predispose to trastuzumab cardiotoxicity. Therefore, selection of older patients for treatment with trastuzumab should be primarily based on their general status and the presence of comorbidities; previous chemotherapy, especially with anthracyclines, should be also taken into account. Once therapy has started, efforts should be made to ensure regular cardiac surveillance. The role of selected biomarkers, such as cardiac troponin, or new imaging techniques (three-dimension, tissue Doppler echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging) is promising, but must be further investigated especially in the elderly. Moreover, additional studies are needed in order to better understand the mechanisms by which trastuzumab affects the old heart.
2016, 13(4): 364-366.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.04.005
Abstract:
A 77-year-old woman presented with unstable angina and had severe three-vessel coronary artery disease, but declined coronary bypass graft surgery. Instead, she chose to adopt a whole-food plant-based diet, which consisted of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, potatoes, beans, legumes and nuts, in addition to medical therapy. Her symptoms and exercise capacity improved rapidly. Several months later, she resumed a Western diet. Her angina returned and she underwent coronary bypass graft surgery. Plant-based diets have been associated with a reduction of plasma lipids, improvement of diabetes control, reduced weight, regression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and increased survival, while consuming animal products including meat, dairy and eggs has been associated with worsened cardiovascular risk factors, clinical cardiovascular endpoints and increased mortality. Adoption of a whole-food plant-based diet and a reduction of animal product consumption should be among the first recommendations for patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
A 77-year-old woman presented with unstable angina and had severe three-vessel coronary artery disease, but declined coronary bypass graft surgery. Instead, she chose to adopt a whole-food plant-based diet, which consisted of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, potatoes, beans, legumes and nuts, in addition to medical therapy. Her symptoms and exercise capacity improved rapidly. Several months later, she resumed a Western diet. Her angina returned and she underwent coronary bypass graft surgery. Plant-based diets have been associated with a reduction of plasma lipids, improvement of diabetes control, reduced weight, regression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and increased survival, while consuming animal products including meat, dairy and eggs has been associated with worsened cardiovascular risk factors, clinical cardiovascular endpoints and increased mortality. Adoption of a whole-food plant-based diet and a reduction of animal product consumption should be among the first recommendations for patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
2016, 13(4): 367-368.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.04.011
Abstract:
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2016, 13(4): 369-370.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.04.007
Abstract:
Epicardial fat thickness releases numerous markers which play an important role in MetS. In addition, MetS may be associated with oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. Various studies highlighted the importance of EFT in line with inflammatory status in cardiovascular diseases. EFT values are linked to abdominal visceral adiposity and subclinical atherosclerosis, which seems to have high capacity of proinflammatory activity. No matter how EFT is measured, it gives clinicians important data for assessing patients inflammatory status
Epicardial fat thickness releases numerous markers which play an important role in MetS. In addition, MetS may be associated with oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. Various studies highlighted the importance of EFT in line with inflammatory status in cardiovascular diseases. EFT values are linked to abdominal visceral adiposity and subclinical atherosclerosis, which seems to have high capacity of proinflammatory activity. No matter how EFT is measured, it gives clinicians important data for assessing patients inflammatory status
2016, 13(4): 371-372.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.04.009
Abstract:
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