2015 Vol. 12, No. 3
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2015, 12(3): 191-191.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.019
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2015, 12(3): 192-195.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.018
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2015, 12(3): 196-201.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.015
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2015, 12(3): 202-203.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.024
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2015, 12(3): 204-207.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.023
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2015, 12(3): 208-217.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.014
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Background The clinical significance of complete revascularization for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients during admission is still debatable. Methods A total of 1406 STEMI patients from the Korean Myocardial Infarction Registry with multivessel diseases without cardiogenic shock who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) were analyzed. We used propensity score matching (PSM) to control differences of baseline characteristics between culprit only intervention (CP) and multivessel percutaneous coronary interventions (MP), and between double vessel disease (DVD) and triple vessel disease (TVD). The major adverse cardiac event (MACE) was analyzed for one year after discharge. Results TVD patients showed higher incidence of MACE (14.2% vs. 8.6%, P = 0.01), any cause of revascularization (10.6% vs. 5.9%, P = 0.01), and repeated PCI (9.5% vs. 5.7%, P = 0.02), as compared to DVD patients during one year after discharge. MP reduced MACE effectively (7.3% vs. 13.8%, P = 0.03), as compared to CP for one year, but all cause of death (1.6% vs. 3.2%, P = 0.38), MI (0.4% vs. 0.8%, P = 1.00), and any cause of revascularization (5.3% vs. 9.7%, P = 0.09) were comparable in the two treatment groups. Conclusions STEMI patients with TVD showed higher rate of MACE, as compared to DVD. MP performed during PPCI or ad hoc during admission for STEMI patients without cardiogenic shock showed lower rate of MACE in this large scaled database. Therefore, MP could be considered as an effective treatment option for STEMI patients without cardiogenic shock.
Background The clinical significance of complete revascularization for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients during admission is still debatable. Methods A total of 1406 STEMI patients from the Korean Myocardial Infarction Registry with multivessel diseases without cardiogenic shock who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) were analyzed. We used propensity score matching (PSM) to control differences of baseline characteristics between culprit only intervention (CP) and multivessel percutaneous coronary interventions (MP), and between double vessel disease (DVD) and triple vessel disease (TVD). The major adverse cardiac event (MACE) was analyzed for one year after discharge. Results TVD patients showed higher incidence of MACE (14.2% vs. 8.6%, P = 0.01), any cause of revascularization (10.6% vs. 5.9%, P = 0.01), and repeated PCI (9.5% vs. 5.7%, P = 0.02), as compared to DVD patients during one year after discharge. MP reduced MACE effectively (7.3% vs. 13.8%, P = 0.03), as compared to CP for one year, but all cause of death (1.6% vs. 3.2%, P = 0.38), MI (0.4% vs. 0.8%, P = 1.00), and any cause of revascularization (5.3% vs. 9.7%, P = 0.09) were comparable in the two treatment groups. Conclusions STEMI patients with TVD showed higher rate of MACE, as compared to DVD. MP performed during PPCI or ad hoc during admission for STEMI patients without cardiogenic shock showed lower rate of MACE in this large scaled database. Therefore, MP could be considered as an effective treatment option for STEMI patients without cardiogenic shock.
2015, 12(3): 218-225.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.009
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Background In the current era of transcatheter aortic valve replacement, there is renewed interest in balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) and invasive hemodynamic evaluation of aortic stenosis (AS). The current report aimed to study the invasive hemodynamics of severe AS patients treated with BAV as destination therapy and to identify factors associated with better hemodynamic outcome and prognosis. Methods From 2009 to 2012, 63 high risk elderly patients were treated with BAV as destination therapy for symptomatic severe AS and were all prospectively included in the study. Their hemodynamics were invasively evaluated during catheterization, pre- and post-BAV at the same session. All Post-BAV patients were regularly followed-up. Results The patients (82 ± 6 years, 52% male) had post-BAV aortic valve area index (AVAi) significantly increased and mean pressure gradient (MPG) significantly reduced. During the follow-up of 0.9 (maximum 3.3) years, those with post-BAV AVAi 2/m2 compared with the AVAi ≥ 0.6 cm2/m2 group had significantly higher mortality (60% vs. 28%, log-rank P = 0.02), even after adjusting for age, gender, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease and EuroSCORE [HR: 5.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.62?19.20, P = 0.006]. The only independent predictor of moderate AS post-BAV was the pre-BAV AVAi increase by 0.1cm2/m2 (OR: 3.81, 95% CI: 1.33-10.89, P = 0.01). Pre-BAV AVAi ≥ 0.39 cm2/m2 could predict with sensitivity 84% and specificity 70% the post-BAV hemodynamic outcome. Conclusions BAV as destination therapy for severe AS offered immediate and significant hemodynamic improvement. The survival was significantly better when a moderate degree of AS was present.
Background In the current era of transcatheter aortic valve replacement, there is renewed interest in balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) and invasive hemodynamic evaluation of aortic stenosis (AS). The current report aimed to study the invasive hemodynamics of severe AS patients treated with BAV as destination therapy and to identify factors associated with better hemodynamic outcome and prognosis. Methods From 2009 to 2012, 63 high risk elderly patients were treated with BAV as destination therapy for symptomatic severe AS and were all prospectively included in the study. Their hemodynamics were invasively evaluated during catheterization, pre- and post-BAV at the same session. All Post-BAV patients were regularly followed-up. Results The patients (82 ± 6 years, 52% male) had post-BAV aortic valve area index (AVAi) significantly increased and mean pressure gradient (MPG) significantly reduced. During the follow-up of 0.9 (maximum 3.3) years, those with post-BAV AVAi 2/m2 compared with the AVAi ≥ 0.6 cm2/m2 group had significantly higher mortality (60% vs. 28%, log-rank P = 0.02), even after adjusting for age, gender, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease and EuroSCORE [HR: 5.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.62?19.20, P = 0.006]. The only independent predictor of moderate AS post-BAV was the pre-BAV AVAi increase by 0.1cm2/m2 (OR: 3.81, 95% CI: 1.33-10.89, P = 0.01). Pre-BAV AVAi ≥ 0.39 cm2/m2 could predict with sensitivity 84% and specificity 70% the post-BAV hemodynamic outcome. Conclusions BAV as destination therapy for severe AS offered immediate and significant hemodynamic improvement. The survival was significantly better when a moderate degree of AS was present.
2015, 12(3): 226-231.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.001
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Objective To explore the impact of a “one-week” staged multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus culprit-only PCI on deaths and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Methods We retrospectively analyzed 447 patients with multivessel disease who experienced a ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) within 12 h before undergoing PCI between July 26, 2008 and September 25, 2011. After completion of PCI in the infarct artery, 201 patients still in the hospital agreed to undergo PCI in non-infarct arteries with more than 70% stenosis for a “one-week” staged multivessel PCI. A total of 246 patients only received intervention for the culprit vessel. Follow-up ended on September 9, 2014. This study examined the differences in deaths from any cause (i.e., cardiac and noncardiac) and MACE between the two treatment groups. Results Compared to a culprit-only PCI treatment approach, the “one-week” staged multivessel PCI was strongly associated with greater benefits for 55-month all cause death [41 (16.7%) vs. 13 (6.5%), P = 0.004] and MACE [82 (33.3%) vs. 40 (19.9%), P = 0.002] rates. In addition, there were significant differences in the number of myocardial infarctions [43 (17.5%) vs. 20 (10.0%), P = 0.023], coronary-artery bypass grafting [CABG; 20 (8.1%) vs. 6 (3.0%), P = 0.021], and PCI [31 (12.6%) vs. 12 (6.0%), P = 0.018]. Patients undergoing culprit-only PCI compared to “one-week” PCI had the same number of stent thrombosis events [7 (2.8%) vs.3 (1.5%), P = 0.522]. Conclusions Compared to a culprit-only PCI treatment approach, “one-week” staged multi-vessel PCI was a safe and effective selection for STEMI and multi-vessel PCI.
Objective To explore the impact of a “one-week” staged multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus culprit-only PCI on deaths and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Methods We retrospectively analyzed 447 patients with multivessel disease who experienced a ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) within 12 h before undergoing PCI between July 26, 2008 and September 25, 2011. After completion of PCI in the infarct artery, 201 patients still in the hospital agreed to undergo PCI in non-infarct arteries with more than 70% stenosis for a “one-week” staged multivessel PCI. A total of 246 patients only received intervention for the culprit vessel. Follow-up ended on September 9, 2014. This study examined the differences in deaths from any cause (i.e., cardiac and noncardiac) and MACE between the two treatment groups. Results Compared to a culprit-only PCI treatment approach, the “one-week” staged multivessel PCI was strongly associated with greater benefits for 55-month all cause death [41 (16.7%) vs. 13 (6.5%), P = 0.004] and MACE [82 (33.3%) vs. 40 (19.9%), P = 0.002] rates. In addition, there were significant differences in the number of myocardial infarctions [43 (17.5%) vs. 20 (10.0%), P = 0.023], coronary-artery bypass grafting [CABG; 20 (8.1%) vs. 6 (3.0%), P = 0.021], and PCI [31 (12.6%) vs. 12 (6.0%), P = 0.018]. Patients undergoing culprit-only PCI compared to “one-week” PCI had the same number of stent thrombosis events [7 (2.8%) vs.3 (1.5%), P = 0.522]. Conclusions Compared to a culprit-only PCI treatment approach, “one-week” staged multi-vessel PCI was a safe and effective selection for STEMI and multi-vessel PCI.
2015, 12(3): 232-238.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.002
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Objective Acute kidney injury (AKI) frequently occurs after catheter-based interventional procedures and increases mortality. However, the implications of AKI before thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) of type B acute aortic dissection (AAD) remain unclear. This study evaluated the incidence, predictors, and in-hospital outcomes of AKI before TEVAR in patients with type B AAD. Methods Between 2009 and 2013, 76 patients were retrospectively evaluated who received TEVAR for type B AAD within 36 h from symptom onset. The patients were classified into no-AKI vs. AKI groups, and the severity of AKI was further staged according to kidney disease: improving global outcomes criteria before TEVAR. Results The incidence of preoperative AKI was 36.8%. In-hospital complications was significantly higher in patients with preoperative AKI compared with no-AKI (50.0% vs. 4.2%, respectively; P vs. 0, respectively; P P P = 0.0238) and bilateral renal artery involvement (OR: 19.076; 95% CI: 1.914–190.164; P = 0.0120) were strong predictors of preoperative AKI. Conclusions Preoperative AKI frequently occurred in patients with type B AAD, and correlated with higher in-hospital complications and enhanced inflammatory reaction. Systolic blood pressure on admission and bilateral renal artery involvement were major risk factors for AKI before TEVAR.
Objective Acute kidney injury (AKI) frequently occurs after catheter-based interventional procedures and increases mortality. However, the implications of AKI before thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) of type B acute aortic dissection (AAD) remain unclear. This study evaluated the incidence, predictors, and in-hospital outcomes of AKI before TEVAR in patients with type B AAD. Methods Between 2009 and 2013, 76 patients were retrospectively evaluated who received TEVAR for type B AAD within 36 h from symptom onset. The patients were classified into no-AKI vs. AKI groups, and the severity of AKI was further staged according to kidney disease: improving global outcomes criteria before TEVAR. Results The incidence of preoperative AKI was 36.8%. In-hospital complications was significantly higher in patients with preoperative AKI compared with no-AKI (50.0% vs. 4.2%, respectively; P vs. 0, respectively; P P P = 0.0238) and bilateral renal artery involvement (OR: 19.076; 95% CI: 1.914–190.164; P = 0.0120) were strong predictors of preoperative AKI. Conclusions Preoperative AKI frequently occurred in patients with type B AAD, and correlated with higher in-hospital complications and enhanced inflammatory reaction. Systolic blood pressure on admission and bilateral renal artery involvement were major risk factors for AKI before TEVAR.
2015, 12(3): 239-245.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.004
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Objective To examine target attainment of lipid-lowering, antihypertensive and antidiabetic treatment in the elderly in a specialist setting of a University Hospital in Greece. Methods This was a retrospective study including consecutive subjects ≥ 65 years old (n = 465) with a follow-up ≥ 3 years. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), blood pressure (BP) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) goal achievement were recorded according to European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society (ESC/EAS), European Society of Hypertension (ESH)/ESC and European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) guidelines. Results The LDL-C targets were attained by 27%, 48% and 62% of very high, high and moderate risk patients, respectively. Those receiving statin + ezetimibe achieved higher rates of LDL-C goal achievement compared with those receiving statin monotherapy (48% vs. 33%, P Conclusions Even in a specialist setting of a University Hospital, a high proportion of the elderly remain at suboptimal LDL-C, BP and HbA1c levels. The use of drug combinations could improve multifactorial treatment target attainment, while less strict targets could be more easily achieved in this population.
Objective To examine target attainment of lipid-lowering, antihypertensive and antidiabetic treatment in the elderly in a specialist setting of a University Hospital in Greece. Methods This was a retrospective study including consecutive subjects ≥ 65 years old (n = 465) with a follow-up ≥ 3 years. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), blood pressure (BP) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) goal achievement were recorded according to European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society (ESC/EAS), European Society of Hypertension (ESH)/ESC and European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) guidelines. Results The LDL-C targets were attained by 27%, 48% and 62% of very high, high and moderate risk patients, respectively. Those receiving statin + ezetimibe achieved higher rates of LDL-C goal achievement compared with those receiving statin monotherapy (48% vs. 33%, P Conclusions Even in a specialist setting of a University Hospital, a high proportion of the elderly remain at suboptimal LDL-C, BP and HbA1c levels. The use of drug combinations could improve multifactorial treatment target attainment, while less strict targets could be more easily achieved in this population.
2015, 12(3): 246-250.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.008
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Background There are patients who underwent emergency coronary angiography (CAG) but did not receive percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim of this study was to analyze these reasons. Methods This is a single-center retrospective study. We recruited 201 consecutive patients who received emergency CAG but did not receive PCI. To investigate the value of the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score in predicting PCI possibilities in non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) patients, we recruited 80 consecutive patients who presented with NSTE-ACS and received emergency CAG as well as emergency PCI. Results Among the 201 patients who received emergency CAG but did not receive PCI, 26% patients had final diagnosis other than coronary heart disease. In the patients with significant coronary artery stenosis, 23 patients (11.5%) were recommended to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), one patient (0.5%) refused PCI; 13 patients (6.5%) with significant thrombus burden were treated with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist; 74 patients (36.8%) were treated with drug therapy because no severe stenosis (> 70%) was present in the crime vessel. Moreover, 80 of the 201 patients were presented with NSTE-ACS (excluding those patients with final diagnosis other than coronary heart disease, excluding those patients planned for CABG treatment), referred as non PCI NSTE-ACS. When comparing their GRACE scores with 80 consecutive patients presented with NSTE-ACS who received emergency CAG as well as emergency PCI (referred as PCI NSTE-ACS), we found that PCI NSTE-ACS patients had significantly higher GRACE scores compared with non PCI NSTE-ACS patients. We then used Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve (ROC) to test whether the GRACE score is good at evaluating the possibilities of PCI in NSTE-ACS patients. The area under the curve was 0.854 ± 0.030 (P Conclusions Our findings indicate that the GRACE score has predictive value in determining whether NSTE-ACS patients would receive PCI.
Background There are patients who underwent emergency coronary angiography (CAG) but did not receive percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim of this study was to analyze these reasons. Methods This is a single-center retrospective study. We recruited 201 consecutive patients who received emergency CAG but did not receive PCI. To investigate the value of the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score in predicting PCI possibilities in non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) patients, we recruited 80 consecutive patients who presented with NSTE-ACS and received emergency CAG as well as emergency PCI. Results Among the 201 patients who received emergency CAG but did not receive PCI, 26% patients had final diagnosis other than coronary heart disease. In the patients with significant coronary artery stenosis, 23 patients (11.5%) were recommended to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), one patient (0.5%) refused PCI; 13 patients (6.5%) with significant thrombus burden were treated with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist; 74 patients (36.8%) were treated with drug therapy because no severe stenosis (> 70%) was present in the crime vessel. Moreover, 80 of the 201 patients were presented with NSTE-ACS (excluding those patients with final diagnosis other than coronary heart disease, excluding those patients planned for CABG treatment), referred as non PCI NSTE-ACS. When comparing their GRACE scores with 80 consecutive patients presented with NSTE-ACS who received emergency CAG as well as emergency PCI (referred as PCI NSTE-ACS), we found that PCI NSTE-ACS patients had significantly higher GRACE scores compared with non PCI NSTE-ACS patients. We then used Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve (ROC) to test whether the GRACE score is good at evaluating the possibilities of PCI in NSTE-ACS patients. The area under the curve was 0.854 ± 0.030 (P Conclusions Our findings indicate that the GRACE score has predictive value in determining whether NSTE-ACS patients would receive PCI.
2015, 12(3): 251-256.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.006
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Objectives To investigate the associations of the plasma homocysteine (HCY) levels with the alterations in arterial stiffness in a community-based cohort. The gender differences in these associations were examined. Methods We evaluated the relationship between plasma HCY levels to three measures of vascular function [carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CF-PWV), carotid-ankle PWV (CA-PWV) and heart rate corrected augmentation index (AI)] in 1680 participants (mean age: 61.5 years; 709 men, 971 women) from communities of Beijing, China. Results In univariate analysis, plasma HCY levels was positively related to the CF-PWV (r = 0.211, P r = 0.148, P r = ?0.052, P = 0.016). In multiple linear regression models adjusting for covariants, plasma HCY remained positively related to the CF-PWV (standardized β = 0.065, P = 0.007) in total cases. When the groups of men and women were examined separately, plasma HCY remained positively associated with the CF-PWV (standardized β = 0.082, P = 0.023) in men, whereas the relations between HCY and any of the arterial stiffness indices were not further present in women. Conclusions In Chinese population, plasma HCY levels are independently associated with alterations of large artery stiffness in men but not in women.
Objectives To investigate the associations of the plasma homocysteine (HCY) levels with the alterations in arterial stiffness in a community-based cohort. The gender differences in these associations were examined. Methods We evaluated the relationship between plasma HCY levels to three measures of vascular function [carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CF-PWV), carotid-ankle PWV (CA-PWV) and heart rate corrected augmentation index (AI)] in 1680 participants (mean age: 61.5 years; 709 men, 971 women) from communities of Beijing, China. Results In univariate analysis, plasma HCY levels was positively related to the CF-PWV (r = 0.211, P r = 0.148, P r = ?0.052, P = 0.016). In multiple linear regression models adjusting for covariants, plasma HCY remained positively related to the CF-PWV (standardized β = 0.065, P = 0.007) in total cases. When the groups of men and women were examined separately, plasma HCY remained positively associated with the CF-PWV (standardized β = 0.082, P = 0.023) in men, whereas the relations between HCY and any of the arterial stiffness indices were not further present in women. Conclusions In Chinese population, plasma HCY levels are independently associated with alterations of large artery stiffness in men but not in women.
2015, 12(3): 257-262.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.017
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Background Sedatives and analgesics are often administered to achieve conscious sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Appropriate concerns have been raised regarding post procedure delirium related to peri-procedural medication in the elderly. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of premedication on new onset delirium and procedural care in elderly patients. Methods Patients ≥ 70 years old and scheduled for elective cardiac catheterization were randomly assigned to receive either oral diphenhydramine and diazepam (25 mg/5 mg) or no premedication. All patients underwent a mini mental state exam and delirium assessment using confusion assessment method prior to the procedure and repeated at 4 h after the procedure and prior to discharge. Patients’ cooperation during the procedure and ease of post-procedure were measured using Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The degree of alertness was assessed immediately on arrival to the floor, and twice hourly afterwards using Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (OAA/S). Results A total of 93 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 77 years, and 47 patients received premedication prior to the procedure. None of the patients in either group developed delirium. Patients’ cooperation and the ease of procedure was greater and pain medication requirement less both during and after the procedure in the pre-medicated group (P P = 0.08). Conclusions In conclusion, premedication did not cause delirium in elderly patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. The reduced pain medication requirement, perceived procedural ease and post procedure management favors premedication in elderly patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.
Background Sedatives and analgesics are often administered to achieve conscious sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Appropriate concerns have been raised regarding post procedure delirium related to peri-procedural medication in the elderly. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of premedication on new onset delirium and procedural care in elderly patients. Methods Patients ≥ 70 years old and scheduled for elective cardiac catheterization were randomly assigned to receive either oral diphenhydramine and diazepam (25 mg/5 mg) or no premedication. All patients underwent a mini mental state exam and delirium assessment using confusion assessment method prior to the procedure and repeated at 4 h after the procedure and prior to discharge. Patients’ cooperation during the procedure and ease of post-procedure were measured using Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The degree of alertness was assessed immediately on arrival to the floor, and twice hourly afterwards using Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (OAA/S). Results A total of 93 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 77 years, and 47 patients received premedication prior to the procedure. None of the patients in either group developed delirium. Patients’ cooperation and the ease of procedure was greater and pain medication requirement less both during and after the procedure in the pre-medicated group (P P = 0.08). Conclusions In conclusion, premedication did not cause delirium in elderly patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. The reduced pain medication requirement, perceived procedural ease and post procedure management favors premedication in elderly patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.
2015, 12(3): 263-269.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.007
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Background Primary percutaneous intervention (PPCI) is the treatment of choice for ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) but robust evidence in the very elderly is lacking. We compared PPCI outcomes between different age quartiles (quartile 1 Methods Retrospective observational analysis of our Morriston Tertiary Cardiac Centre (Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board) patients from 2005 to 2010 with STEMI who underwent PPCI. Results Of 434 patients, 57 (13%) were in quartile 4 (≥ 80 years). In older age quartiles, patients were less likely to receive a drug eluting stent (DES, P = 0.001) or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (GPI, P t: -3.70, 95%CI: -4.91 to -1.50, P P t = 2.82, 95%CI: 1.58–8.58, P = 0.005) but older age quartiles were less likely to receive GPI (P P = 0.002) and 1-year mortality (5.4% quartile 1, 5.5% quartile 2, 16.8% quartile 3 and 24.6% quartile 4, P Conclusions Increased short term and intermediate term mortality is seen in the very elderly after PPCI. Age and cardiogenic shock were prognostic factors. Intervention should not be based on age alone and awareness regarding prognostic factors can help improve management.
Background Primary percutaneous intervention (PPCI) is the treatment of choice for ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) but robust evidence in the very elderly is lacking. We compared PPCI outcomes between different age quartiles (quartile 1 Methods Retrospective observational analysis of our Morriston Tertiary Cardiac Centre (Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board) patients from 2005 to 2010 with STEMI who underwent PPCI. Results Of 434 patients, 57 (13%) were in quartile 4 (≥ 80 years). In older age quartiles, patients were less likely to receive a drug eluting stent (DES, P = 0.001) or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (GPI, P t: -3.70, 95%CI: -4.91 to -1.50, P P t = 2.82, 95%CI: 1.58–8.58, P = 0.005) but older age quartiles were less likely to receive GPI (P P = 0.002) and 1-year mortality (5.4% quartile 1, 5.5% quartile 2, 16.8% quartile 3 and 24.6% quartile 4, P Conclusions Increased short term and intermediate term mortality is seen in the very elderly after PPCI. Age and cardiogenic shock were prognostic factors. Intervention should not be based on age alone and awareness regarding prognostic factors can help improve management.
2015, 12(3): 270-278.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.003
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Background The mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, NCLX, plays an important role in the balance between Ca2+ influx and efflux across the mitochondrial inner membrane in endothelial cells. Mitochondrial metabolism is likely to be affected by the activity of NCLX because Ca2+ activates several enzymes of the Krebs cycle. It is currently believed that mitochondria are not only centers of energy production but are also important sites of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Methods & Results This study focused on NCLX function, in rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs), induced by glucose. First, we detected an increase in NCLX expression in the endothelia of rats with diabetes mellitus, which was induced by an injection of streptozotocin. Next, colocalization of NCLX expression and mitochondria was detected using confocal analysis. Suppression of NCLX expression, using an siRNA construct (siNCLX), enhanced mitochondrial Ca2+ influx and blocked efflux induced by glucose. Unexpectedly, silencing of NCLX expression induced increased ROS generation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Conclusions These findings suggest that NCLX affects glucose-dependent mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling, thereby regulating ROS generation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in high glucose conditions. In the early stages of high glucose stimulation, NCLX expression increases to compensate in order to self-protect mitochondrial maintenance, stability, and function in endothelial cells.
Background The mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, NCLX, plays an important role in the balance between Ca2+ influx and efflux across the mitochondrial inner membrane in endothelial cells. Mitochondrial metabolism is likely to be affected by the activity of NCLX because Ca2+ activates several enzymes of the Krebs cycle. It is currently believed that mitochondria are not only centers of energy production but are also important sites of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Methods & Results This study focused on NCLX function, in rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs), induced by glucose. First, we detected an increase in NCLX expression in the endothelia of rats with diabetes mellitus, which was induced by an injection of streptozotocin. Next, colocalization of NCLX expression and mitochondria was detected using confocal analysis. Suppression of NCLX expression, using an siRNA construct (siNCLX), enhanced mitochondrial Ca2+ influx and blocked efflux induced by glucose. Unexpectedly, silencing of NCLX expression induced increased ROS generation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Conclusions These findings suggest that NCLX affects glucose-dependent mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling, thereby regulating ROS generation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in high glucose conditions. In the early stages of high glucose stimulation, NCLX expression increases to compensate in order to self-protect mitochondrial maintenance, stability, and function in endothelial cells.
2015, 12(3): 279-286.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.021
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Objective To investigate expression differences of neutrophil and mononuclear phagocyte related gene mRNAs among acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stable angina (SA) and control groups, and then discuss their expression characteristics in the stable angina pectoris (SAP) and AMI stages of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods Whole Human Genome Oligo Microarrays were applied to assess the differential expression characteristics of neutrophil and mononuclear phagocyte related mRNAs in patients with AMI (n = 20), SA (n = 20) and controls (n = 20). Results (1) Almost all colony-stimulating factors (CSF) and their receptors related mRNAs was up-regulated in AMI and SA groups compared with the control group, and the expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor (GM-CSFR) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) mRNAs in the AMI group was significantly up-regulated com?pared with the other two groups (P P P P P P Conclusions The expression of most neutrophil and mononuclear-macrophage function related genes mRNAs was significantly up-regulated by stages during the progression of CAD, suggesting that the adhesive, chemotactic and phagocytic functions of neutrophil and mononuclear-macrophage were strengthened in the occurrence and development of coronary atherosclerosis and AMI. This also showed a stepped upward trend as the disease progressed.
Objective To investigate expression differences of neutrophil and mononuclear phagocyte related gene mRNAs among acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stable angina (SA) and control groups, and then discuss their expression characteristics in the stable angina pectoris (SAP) and AMI stages of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods Whole Human Genome Oligo Microarrays were applied to assess the differential expression characteristics of neutrophil and mononuclear phagocyte related mRNAs in patients with AMI (n = 20), SA (n = 20) and controls (n = 20). Results (1) Almost all colony-stimulating factors (CSF) and their receptors related mRNAs was up-regulated in AMI and SA groups compared with the control group, and the expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor (GM-CSFR) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) mRNAs in the AMI group was significantly up-regulated com?pared with the other two groups (P P P P P P Conclusions The expression of most neutrophil and mononuclear-macrophage function related genes mRNAs was significantly up-regulated by stages during the progression of CAD, suggesting that the adhesive, chemotactic and phagocytic functions of neutrophil and mononuclear-macrophage were strengthened in the occurrence and development of coronary atherosclerosis and AMI. This also showed a stepped upward trend as the disease progressed.
2015, 12(3): 287-293.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.022
Abstract:
Objectives To explore the intrinsic factors related to the pathogenesis of acute arterial thrombosis (AAT) and to elucidate the pathogenesis of AAT on the basis of differentially expressed genes. Methods Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stable angina (SA) and healthy controls (n = 20 per group) were recruited, and the whole human genome microarray analysis was performed to detect the differentially expressed genes among these subjects. Results Patients with AMI had disease-specific gene expression pattern. Biological functional analysis showed the function of T cells was significantly reduced, the mitochondrial metabolism significantly decreased, the ion metabolism was abnormal, the cell apoptosis and inflammatory reaction increased, the phagocytosis elevated, the neutrophil-mediated immunity increased and the post-traumatic repair of cells and tissues increased in AMI patients. The biological function in SA group and healthy controls remained stable and was comparable. Conclusions The reduced function of T cell gene models in AAT showed the dysfunction of the immune system. The pathogenesis of AAT may be related to the inflammatory reaction after arterial intima infection caused by potential pathogenic microorganisms.
Objectives To explore the intrinsic factors related to the pathogenesis of acute arterial thrombosis (AAT) and to elucidate the pathogenesis of AAT on the basis of differentially expressed genes. Methods Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stable angina (SA) and healthy controls (n = 20 per group) were recruited, and the whole human genome microarray analysis was performed to detect the differentially expressed genes among these subjects. Results Patients with AMI had disease-specific gene expression pattern. Biological functional analysis showed the function of T cells was significantly reduced, the mitochondrial metabolism significantly decreased, the ion metabolism was abnormal, the cell apoptosis and inflammatory reaction increased, the phagocytosis elevated, the neutrophil-mediated immunity increased and the post-traumatic repair of cells and tissues increased in AMI patients. The biological function in SA group and healthy controls remained stable and was comparable. Conclusions The reduced function of T cell gene models in AAT showed the dysfunction of the immune system. The pathogenesis of AAT may be related to the inflammatory reaction after arterial intima infection caused by potential pathogenic microorganisms.
2015, 12(3): 294-304.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.013
Abstract:
Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is the most common form of HF in older adults, and is increasing in prevalence as the population ages. Furthermore, HFpEF is increasing out of proportion to HF with reduced EF (HFrEF), and its prognosis is worsening while that of HFrEF is improving. Despite the importance of HFpEF, our understanding of its pathophysiology is incomplete, and optimal treatment remains largely undefined. A cardinal feature of HFpEF is reduced exercise tolerance, which correlates with symptoms as well as reduced quality of life. The traditional concepts of exercise limitations have focused on central dysfunction related to poor cardiac pump function. However, the mechanisms are not exclusive to the heart and lungs, and the understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease has evolved. Substantial attention has focused on defining the central versus peripheral mechanisms underlying the reduced functional capacity and exercise tolerance among patients with HF. In fact, physical training can improve exercise tolerance via peripheral adaptive mechanisms even in the absence of favorable central hemodynamic function. In addition, the drug trials performed to date in HFpEF that have focused on influencing cardiovascular function have not improved exercise capacity. This suggests that peripheral limitations may play a significant role in HF limiting exercise tolerance, a hallmark feature of HFpEF.
Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is the most common form of HF in older adults, and is increasing in prevalence as the population ages. Furthermore, HFpEF is increasing out of proportion to HF with reduced EF (HFrEF), and its prognosis is worsening while that of HFrEF is improving. Despite the importance of HFpEF, our understanding of its pathophysiology is incomplete, and optimal treatment remains largely undefined. A cardinal feature of HFpEF is reduced exercise tolerance, which correlates with symptoms as well as reduced quality of life. The traditional concepts of exercise limitations have focused on central dysfunction related to poor cardiac pump function. However, the mechanisms are not exclusive to the heart and lungs, and the understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease has evolved. Substantial attention has focused on defining the central versus peripheral mechanisms underlying the reduced functional capacity and exercise tolerance among patients with HF. In fact, physical training can improve exercise tolerance via peripheral adaptive mechanisms even in the absence of favorable central hemodynamic function. In addition, the drug trials performed to date in HFpEF that have focused on influencing cardiovascular function have not improved exercise capacity. This suggests that peripheral limitations may play a significant role in HF limiting exercise tolerance, a hallmark feature of HFpEF.
2015, 12(3): 305-312.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.020
Abstract:
Acute cardiomyocyte necrosis in the infarcted heart generates damage-associated molecular patterns, activating complement and toll-like receptor/interleukin-1 signaling, and triggering an intense inflammatory response. Inflammasomes also recognize danger signals and mediate sterile inflammatory response following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Inflammatory response serves to repair the heart, but excessive inflammation leads to adverse left ventricular remodeling and heart failure. In addition to local inflammation, profound systemic inflammation response has been documented in patients with AMI, which includes elevation of circulating inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and cell adhesion molecules, and activation of peripheral leukocytes and platelets. The excessive inflammatory response could be caused by a deregulated immune system. AMI is also associated with bone marrow activation and spleen monocytopoiesis, which sustains a continuous supply of monocytes at the site of inflammation. Accumulating evidence has shown that systemic inflammation aggravates atherosclerosis and markers for systemic inflammation are predictors of adverse clinical outcomes (such as death, recurrent myocardial infarction, and heart failure) in patients with AMI.
Acute cardiomyocyte necrosis in the infarcted heart generates damage-associated molecular patterns, activating complement and toll-like receptor/interleukin-1 signaling, and triggering an intense inflammatory response. Inflammasomes also recognize danger signals and mediate sterile inflammatory response following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Inflammatory response serves to repair the heart, but excessive inflammation leads to adverse left ventricular remodeling and heart failure. In addition to local inflammation, profound systemic inflammation response has been documented in patients with AMI, which includes elevation of circulating inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and cell adhesion molecules, and activation of peripheral leukocytes and platelets. The excessive inflammatory response could be caused by a deregulated immune system. AMI is also associated with bone marrow activation and spleen monocytopoiesis, which sustains a continuous supply of monocytes at the site of inflammation. Accumulating evidence has shown that systemic inflammation aggravates atherosclerosis and markers for systemic inflammation are predictors of adverse clinical outcomes (such as death, recurrent myocardial infarction, and heart failure) in patients with AMI.
2015, 12(3): 313-318.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.016
Abstract:
Vasospastic angina is caused by sudden occlusive vasoconstriction of a segment of an epicardial artery, which can present with a wide spectrum of clinical scenario. We report the cases of two patients diagnosed with vasospastic angina, with one of which presenting with sudden cardiac arrest, while the other presenting with a relatively benign syncope. But both of them have J waves formation on ECG during active ischemia. The diagnosis and management of vasospastic angina, as well as the proposed clinical significance of J waves during coronary spasm are discussed.
Vasospastic angina is caused by sudden occlusive vasoconstriction of a segment of an epicardial artery, which can present with a wide spectrum of clinical scenario. We report the cases of two patients diagnosed with vasospastic angina, with one of which presenting with sudden cardiac arrest, while the other presenting with a relatively benign syncope. But both of them have J waves formation on ECG during active ischemia. The diagnosis and management of vasospastic angina, as well as the proposed clinical significance of J waves during coronary spasm are discussed.
2015, 12(3): 319-322.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.010
Abstract:
We describe the case of a 79-year-old male presented with sudden onset of abdominal pain and mild breathlessness, and complicated acute progressive anemia with haemoglobin which declined from 120 g/L to 70 g/L within five days. An urgent computed tomography angiography showed acute thoracic aortic dissection, DeBakey type IIIb, a dissecting aneurysm in the proximal descending thoracic aorta starting immediately after the origin of the left subclavian artery and extending distally below the renal arteries with evidence of rupture into the right pleural cavity for massive pleural effusion. Plasma D-dimer, brain natriuretic peptide and C reactive protein level were elevated. Our case showed that D-dimer can be used as a ‘rule-out’ test in patients with suspected aortic dissection. A raised BNP may exert a protective role through anti-inflammatory endothelial actions in the systemic circulation.
We describe the case of a 79-year-old male presented with sudden onset of abdominal pain and mild breathlessness, and complicated acute progressive anemia with haemoglobin which declined from 120 g/L to 70 g/L within five days. An urgent computed tomography angiography showed acute thoracic aortic dissection, DeBakey type IIIb, a dissecting aneurysm in the proximal descending thoracic aorta starting immediately after the origin of the left subclavian artery and extending distally below the renal arteries with evidence of rupture into the right pleural cavity for massive pleural effusion. Plasma D-dimer, brain natriuretic peptide and C reactive protein level were elevated. Our case showed that D-dimer can be used as a ‘rule-out’ test in patients with suspected aortic dissection. A raised BNP may exert a protective role through anti-inflammatory endothelial actions in the systemic circulation.
2015, 12(3): 323-325.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.005
Abstract:
Platypnea orthodeoxia syndrome is associated with dyspnea and arterial oxygen desaturation accentuated by an upright posture. It can be secondary to an intracardiac shunt. We report a case of platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome (POS) in a 58-year old male patient who had a pre-existing patent foramen ovale (PFO) and substantial pulmonary pathologies. He was successfully treated by percutaneous transcatheter closure of the PFO. Our case highlights the importance of recognition of this rare syndrome in patients who present with unexplained hypoxia for whom transcatheter closure of the interatrial shunt can be safely carried out.
Platypnea orthodeoxia syndrome is associated with dyspnea and arterial oxygen desaturation accentuated by an upright posture. It can be secondary to an intracardiac shunt. We report a case of platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome (POS) in a 58-year old male patient who had a pre-existing patent foramen ovale (PFO) and substantial pulmonary pathologies. He was successfully treated by percutaneous transcatheter closure of the PFO. Our case highlights the importance of recognition of this rare syndrome in patients who present with unexplained hypoxia for whom transcatheter closure of the interatrial shunt can be safely carried out.
2015, 12(3): 326-328.
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.012
Abstract:
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